xref: /illumos-gate/usr/src/data/zoneinfo/asia (revision e15592c8)
1# tzdb data for Asia and environs
2
3# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
5
6# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
7# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
8# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
9# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
10
11# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
12#
13# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
14# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
15# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
16# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
17#
18# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
19# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
20# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
21# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
22# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
23# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
24#
25# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
27# I found in the UCLA library.
28#
29# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
30# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
31# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
32#
33# For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
34# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
35# (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
36#
37# The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
38# (corrections are welcome):
39#	     std  dst
40#	     LMT	Local Mean Time
41#	2:00 EET  EEST	Eastern European Time
42#	2:00 IST  IDT	Israel
43#	5:30 IST	India
44#	7:00 WIB	west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
45#	8:00 WITA	central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
46#	8:00 CST	China
47#	8:00 HKT  HKST	Hong Kong (HKWT* for Winter Time in late 1941)
48#	8:00 PST  PDT*	Philippines
49#	8:30 KST  KDT	Korea when at +0830
50#	9:00 WIT	east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
51#	9:00 JST  JDT	Japan
52#	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea when at +09
53# *I invented the abbreviations HKWT and PDT; see below.
54# Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
55# and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier
56# editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
57# offset, this did not reflect common practice.
58#
59# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
60
61# From Guy Harris:
62# Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
63# additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
64# Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
65# Worldwide Edition).
66
67###############################################################################
68
69# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
70# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
71Rule	EUAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
72Rule	EUAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
73Rule	EUAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
74Rule E-EurAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	-
75Rule E-EurAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
76Rule E-EurAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
77Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	 0:00	1:00	-
78Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1983	-	Oct	1	 0:00	0	-
79Rule RussiaAsia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
80Rule RussiaAsia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
81Rule RussiaAsia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
82
83# Afghanistan
84# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
85Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
86			4:00	-	+04	1945
87			4:30	-	+0430
88
89# Armenia
90# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
91# Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
92# in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
93# readopting Russian DST in 1997.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
94# when they disagree with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
95# reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
96# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
97# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
98# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
99
100# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
101# While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
102# follow Russia's "old" rules.
103
104# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
105# According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
106# http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
107#
108# The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
109# Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
110# Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
111# or
112# (brief)
113# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
114# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
115Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
116Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
117# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
118Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
119			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
120			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
121			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	1995 Sep 24  2:00s
122			4:00	-	+04	1997
123			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2011
124			4:00	Armenia	+04/+05
125
126# Azerbaijan
127
128# From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
129# According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
130# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
131# http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
132
133# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
134# ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
135# daylight saving time....
136# https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
137# http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
138# http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
139
140# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
141Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	-
142Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-
143# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
144Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
145			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
146			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
147			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	1992 Sep lastSun  2:00s
148			4:00	-	+04	1996
149			4:00	EUAsia	+04/+05	1997
150			4:00	Azer	+04/+05
151
152# Bangladesh
153# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
154# According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
155# Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
156#
157# Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
158# http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
159# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
160#
161# "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
162# June
163# 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
164# crippling power crisis. "
165#
166# The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
167# implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
168
169# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
170# They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
171# the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
172#
173# Some sources:
174# https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
175# http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
176#
177# Our wrap-up:
178# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
179
180# From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
181# Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
182# time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
183# Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
184#
185# No DST end date has been announced yet.
186
187# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
188# Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
189# instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
190#
191# Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
192# "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
193# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
194# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
195
196# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
197# IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
198# Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
199# maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
200# "continue for an indefinite period."
201#
202# One of many places where it is published:
203# http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
204
205# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
206# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
207# Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
208#
209# Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
210# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
211# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
212#
213# "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
214# on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
215# 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
216# Minister's Office last night..."
217
218# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
219# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
220# Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
221# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
222# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
223
224# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
225Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	-
226Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	-
227
228# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
229Zone	Asia/Dhaka	6:01:40 -	LMT	1890
230			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
231			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May 15
232			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Sep
233			6:30	-	+0630	1951 Sep 30
234			6:00	-	+06	2009
235			6:00	Dhaka	+06/+07
236
237# Bhutan
238# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
239Zone	Asia/Thimphu	5:58:36 -	LMT	1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
240			5:30	-	+0530	1987 Oct
241			6:00	-	+06
242
243# British Indian Ocean Territory
244# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
245# 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
246# We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
247# assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
248# then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
249# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
250Zone	Indian/Chagos	4:49:40	-	LMT	1907
251			5:00	-	+05	1996
252			6:00	-	+06
253
254# Cocos (Keeling) Islands
255# Myanmar (Burma)
256
257# Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
258
259# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
260# Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
261# used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
262# of Greenwich."  This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
263# a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
264
265# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
266Zone	Asia/Yangon	6:24:47 -	LMT	1880        # or Rangoon
267			6:24:47	-	RMT	1920        # Rangoon local time
268			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May
269			9:00	-	+09	1945 May  3
270			6:30	-	+0630
271
272# China
273
274# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
275# According to this news report:
276# http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-09-01/19524201403.shtml
277# on April 11, 1919, newspaper in Shanghai said clocks in Shanghai will spring
278# forward for an hour starting from midnight of that Saturday. The report did
279# not mention what happened in Shanghai thereafter, but it mentioned that a
280# similar trial in Tianjin which ended at October 1st as citizens are told to
281# recede the clock on September 30 from 12:00pm to 11:00pm. The trial at
282# Tianjin got terminated in 1920.
283#
284# From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
285# The Returns of Trade and Trade Reports, page 711, says "Daylight saving was
286# given a trial during the year, and from the 12th April to the 1st October
287# the clocks were all set one hour ahead of sun time.  Though the scheme was
288# generally esteemed a success, it was announced early in 1920 that it would
289# not be repeated."
290#
291# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
292Rule	Shang	1919	only	-	Apr	12	24:00	1:00	D
293Rule	Shang	1919	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S
294
295# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
296# The following comes from Table 1 of:
297# Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
298# Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
299# http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
300# The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
301# Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
302# zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
303
304# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
305#
306# For the history of time in Shanghai between 1940-1942, the situation is
307# actually slightly more complex than the table [below]....  At the time,
308# there were three different authorities in Shanghai, including Shanghai
309# International Settlement, a settlement established by western countries with
310# its own westernized form of government, Shanghai French Concession, similar
311# to the international settlement but is controlled by French, and then the
312# rest of the city of Shanghai, which have already been controlled by Japanese
313# force through a puppet local government (Wang Jingwei regime).  It was
314# additionally complicated by the circumstances that, according to the 1940s
315# Shanghai summer time essay cited in the database, some
316# departments/businesses/people in the Shanghai city itself during that time
317# period, refused to change their clock and instead only changed their opening
318# hours.
319#
320# For example, as quoted in the article, in 1940, other than the authority
321# itself, power, tram, bus companies, cinema, department stores, and other
322# public service organizations have all decided to follow the summer time and
323# spring forward the clock.  On the other hand, the custom office refused to
324# spring forward the clock because of worry on mechanical wear to the physical
325# clock, postal office refused to spring forward because of disruption to
326# business and log-keeping, although they did changed their office hour to
327# match rest of the city.  So is travel agents, and also weather
328# observatory.  It is said both time standards had their own supporters in the
329# city at the time, those who prefer new time standard would have moved their
330# clock while those who prefer the old time standard would keep their clock
331# unchange, and there were different clocks that use different time standard
332# in the city at the time for people who use different time standard to adjust
333# their clock to their preferred time.
334#
335# a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay [says] ... "Hong
336# Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time on
337# the same date as Shanghai".
338#
339# b. For the 1940 fall back, it was said that they initially intended to do
340# so on September 30 00:59 at night, however they postponed it to October 12
341# after discussion with relevant parties. However schools restored to the
342# original schedule ten days earlier.
343#
344# c. For the 1941 spring forward, it is said to start from March 15
345# "following the previous year's method", and in addition to that the essay
346# cited an announcement in 1941 from the Wang regime which said the Special
347# City of Shanghai under Wang regime control will follow the DST rule set by
348# the Settlements, irrespective of the original DST plan announced by the Wang
349# regime for other area under its control(April 1 to September 30). (no idea
350# to situation before that announcement)
351#
352# d. For the 1941 fall back, it was said that the fall back would occurs at
353# the end of September (A newspaper headline cited by the essay, published on
354# October 1, 1941, have the headlines which said "French Concession would
355# rewind to the old clock this morning), but it ultimately didn't happen due
356# to disagreement between the international settlement authority and the
357# French concession authority, and the fall back ultimately occurred on
358# November 1.
359#
360# e. In 1941 December, Japan have officially started war with the United
361# States and the United Kingdom, and in Shanghai they have marched into the
362# international settlement, taken over its control
363#
364# f. For the 1942 spring forward, the essay said that the spring forward
365# started on January 31. It said this time the custom office and postal
366# department will also change their clocks, unlike before.
367#
368# g. The essay itself didn't cover any specific changes thereafter until the
369# end of the war, it quoted a November 1942 command from the government of the
370# Wang regime, which claim the daylight saving time applies year round during
371# the war. However, the essay ambiguously said the period is "February 1 to
372# September 30", which I don't really understand what is the meaning of such
373# period in the context of year round implementation here.. More researches
374# might be needed to show exactly what happened during that period of time.
375
376# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
377# According to a Japanese tour bus pamphlet in Nanjing area believed to be
378# from around year 1941: http://www.tt-museum.jp/tairiku_0280_nan1941.html ,
379# the schedule listed was in the format of Japanese time.  Which indicate some
380# use of the Japanese time (instead of syncing by DST) might have occurred in
381# the Yangtze river delta area during that period of time although the scope
382# of such use will need to be investigated to determine.
383#
384# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
385Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
386Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Oct	12	24:00	0	S
387Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	1:00	D
388Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Nov	 1	24:00	0	S
389Rule	Shang	1942	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	D
390Rule	Shang	1945	only	-	Sep	 1	24:00	0	S
391Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	D
392Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S
393Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	D
394Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Oct	31	24:00	0	S
395Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
396Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S #plan
397
398# From Guy Harris:
399# People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
400
401# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
402# No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
403# China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
404# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
405# has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
406# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
407#
408# . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
409# painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for
410# DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
411#
412#     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
413#     1987 mid-April - ??
414
415# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
416# CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
417# CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10
418
419# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
420# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
421# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
422# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
423
424# From P Chan (2018-05-07):
425# The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
426# (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
427# Government notices about summer time:
428#
429# 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
430# (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
431# at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
432#
433# 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
434# (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
435#
436# 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
437# (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
438# until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
439#
440# 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
441# (To suspend summer time from 1992)
442#
443# The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
444# to begin on 17 April.
445# http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
446
447# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
448Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	 2:00	1:00	D
449Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	 2:00	0	S
450Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=11	 2:00	1:00	D
451
452# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
453# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
454# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
455# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
456#
457# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
458# I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
459# https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
460# boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
461# counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
462# counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
463# therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
464# county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
465# (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
466# counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
467
468# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
469# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
470#
471# (1)
472# Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
473# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
474# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
475# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
476# http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
477# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
478# officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
479# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
480# been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar
481# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
482# to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
483# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
484# could well have ignored any such mandate.
485#
486# (2)
487# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
488# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
489# [undated and unknown publication location]
490# It says several things:
491#   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
492#   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
493#     the official calendar book of 1914.
494#   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
495#     French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
496#     Observatory and set to local mean time.
497#   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
498#   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
499#     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
500#     became used by railways as well.
501#   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
502#     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on
503#     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
504#   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice
505#     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
506#     Japanese-occupied territory.
507#   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
508#   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
509#     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear
510#     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
511#   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
512#
513# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
514# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
515# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
516# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
517# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
518#
519# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
520# this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
521# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
522# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
523# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
524# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
525#
526# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
527# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
528# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
529#
530# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
531# Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
532# most of China
533# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time....
534# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
535#
536# Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
537# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
538# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
539# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
540# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
541# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
542#
543# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
544# This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
545# current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
546# disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
547# The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
548# the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
549# Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
550# east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
551# east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
552# Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
553# Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
554# Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
555#
556# Kunlun Time UT +05:30
557# This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
558# West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
559# West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
560# Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
561# and Yarkand.
562
563# From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
564# Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
565# Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
566# but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
567# what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
568# they implicitly use Beijing time.
569#
570# On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
571# population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
572# hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
573# Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
574# local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
575# publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
576# "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
577# they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
578#
579# (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
580# widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
581# Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
582#
583# (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
584# or 1991 when summer time was in use.  The confusion was severe, with
585# the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
586# time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
587# others moving their clocks ahead.)
588
589# From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
590# With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
591# English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
592#
593# 1. Wulumuqi...
594# 2. Kashi...
595# 3. Urumqi...
596# 4. Kashgar...
597# ...
598# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
599# 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
600# countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
601#
602# 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
603# start date for Xinjiang time.
604#
605# Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
606# publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
607# Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
608# not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
609
610# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
611# Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
612# https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
613
614# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
615# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
616# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
617# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
618# Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
619# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
620# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
621# and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
622# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
623# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only
624# problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
625# having the same time as Beijing.
626
627# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
628# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
629# but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
630# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
631# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
632# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
633#
634# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see
635# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
636# <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
637# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
638# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
639# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
640# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
641# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
642# quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
643# UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
644# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
645# guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
646# 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
647# that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
648# +08 mandate back then.
649
650# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
651# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
652		#STDOFF	8:05:43.2
653Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:43	-	LMT	1901
654			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949 May 28
655			8:00	PRC	C%sT
656# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
657# / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
658Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
659			6:00	-	+06
660
661# Hong Kong
662
663# Milne gives 7:36:41.7.
664
665# From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
666# I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
667# Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
668# it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
669# and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
670# and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
671# think 3:30 is correct.
672
673# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
674# According to Singaporean newspaper
675# http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
676# the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
677#
678# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
679# Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
680# "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
681# (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
682# Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
683# <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
684# "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
685# of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
686# advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
687# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
688# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
689#
690# From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
691# An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
692# astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
693#
694# From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
695# Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
696# page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
697# ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
698# ball was dropped.  So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
699# of broadcasting the new local time.
700#
701# From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
702# According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
703# governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
704# make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
705# dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
706# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
707# See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
708
709# From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
710# I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
711# on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
712# stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
713# Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
714# probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
715# the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
716# Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
717# before.  After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
718# the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
719# period of time.  Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
720# same month, but there were not much information about time there.  Later they
721# started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
722# explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
723# saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
724# also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
725# captured by Japan.
726#
727# Image of related sections on newspaper:
728# * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
729#   https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
730# * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
731#   time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
732#   https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
733# * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
734#   https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
735# * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
736#   https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
737# * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
738#   https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
739
740# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
741# "Hong Kong winter time" is considered to be daylight saving.
742# "Hong Kong had adopted daylight saving on June 15 as a wartime measure,
743# clocks moving forward one hour until October 1, when they would be put back
744# by just half an hour for 'Hong Kong Winter time', so that daylight saving
745# operated year round." -- Low Z. The longest day: when wartime Hong Kong
746# introduced daylight saving. South China Morning Post. 2019-06-28.
747# https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3016281/longest-day-when-wartime-hong-kong-introduced
748
749# From P Chan (2018-12-31):
750# * According to the Hong Kong Daylight-Saving Regulations, 1941, the
751#   1941 spring-forward transition was at 03:00.
752#	http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/304271.pdf
753#	http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/305516.pdf
754# * According to some articles from South China Morning Post, +08 was
755#   resumed on 1945-11-18 at 02:00.
756#	https://i.imgur.com/M2IsZ3c.png
757#	https://i.imgur.com/iOPqrVo.png
758#	https://i.imgur.com/fffcGDs.png
759# * Some newspapers ... said the 1946 spring-forward transition was on
760#   04-21 at 00:00.  The Kung Sheung Evening News 1946-04-20 (Chinese)
761#	https://i.imgur.com/ZSzent0.png
762#	https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2FH7zGe%2FKF%2BFLYsuqGhRBfe p.4
763#   The Kung Sheung Daily News 1946-04-21 (Chinese)
764#	https://i.imgur.com/7ecmRlcm.png
765#	https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2BQBGt1%2BwUj5qG2GqtwR3Wh p.4
766# * According to the Summer Time Ordinance (1946), the fallback
767#   transitions between 1946 and 1952 were at 03:30 Standard Time (+08)
768#	http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/bb74b06a74d5294620a15de560ab33c6.pdf
769# * Some other laws and regulations related to DST from 1953 to 1979
770#   Summer Time Ordinance 1953
771#	https://i.imgur.com/IOlJMav.jpg
772#   Summer Time (Amendment) Ordinance 1965
773#	https://i.imgur.com/8rofeLa.jpg
774#   Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (1966)
775#	https://i.imgur.com/joy3msj.jpg
776#   Emergency (Summer Time) Regulation 1973 <https://i.imgur.com/OpRWrKz.jpg>
777#   Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance 1977
778#	https://i.imgur.com/RaNqnc4.jpg
779#   Resolution of the Legislative Council passed on 9 May 1979
780#	https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr78-79/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h790509.pdf#page=39
781
782# From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
783# Here are the dates given at
784# https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm
785# as of 2020-02-10:
786# Year        Period
787# 1941        15 Jun to 30 Sep
788# 1942        Whole year
789# 1943        Whole year
790# 1944        Whole year
791# 1945        Whole year
792# 1946        20 Apr to 1 Dec
793# 1947        13 Apr to 30 Nov
794# 1948        2 May to 31 Oct
795# 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
796# 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
797# 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
798# 1952        6 Apr to 2 Nov
799# 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
800# 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
801# 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
802# 1956        18 Mar to 4 Nov
803# 1957        24 Mar to 3 Nov
804# 1958        23 Mar to 2 Nov
805# 1959        22 Mar to 1 Nov
806# 1960        20 Mar to 6 Nov
807# 1961        19 Mar to 5 Nov
808# 1962        18 Mar to 4 Nov
809# 1963        24 Mar to 3 Nov
810# 1964        22 Mar to 1 Nov
811# 1965        18 Apr to 17 Oct
812# 1966        17 Apr to 16 Oct
813# 1967        16 Apr to 22 Oct
814# 1968        21 Apr to 20 Oct
815# 1969        20 Apr to 19 Oct
816# 1970        19 Apr to 18 Oct
817# 1971        18 Apr to 17 Oct
818# 1972        16 Apr to 22 Oct
819# 1973        22 Apr to 21 Oct
820# 1973/74     30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
821# 1975        20 Apr to 19 Oct
822# 1976        18 Apr to 17 Oct
823# 1977        Nil
824# 1978        Nil
825# 1979        13 May to 21 Oct
826# 1980 to Now Nil
827# The page does not give times of day for transitions,
828# or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
829# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
830
831# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
832Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Apr	21	0:00	1:00	S
833Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Dec	1	3:30s	0	-
834Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Apr	13	3:30s	1:00	S
835Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Nov	30	3:30s	0	-
836Rule	HK	1948	only	-	May	2	3:30s	1:00	S
837Rule	HK	1948	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=28	3:30s	0	-
838Rule	HK	1949	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:30	1:00	S
839Rule	HK	1953	1964	-	Oct	Sun>=31	3:30	0	-
840Rule	HK	1954	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	3:30	1:00	S
841Rule	HK	1965	1976	-	Apr	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
842Rule	HK	1965	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
843Rule	HK	1973	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	1:00	S
844Rule	HK	1979	only	-	May	13	3:30	1:00	S
845Rule	HK	1979	only	-	Oct	21	3:30	0	-
846# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
847		#STDOFF	7:36:41.7
848Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 29 17:00u
849			8:00	-	HKT	1941 Jun 15  3:00
850			8:00	1:00	HKST	1941 Oct  1  4:00
851			8:00	0:30	HKWT	1941 Dec 25
852			9:00	-	JST	1945 Nov 18  2:00
853			8:00	HK	HK%sT
854
855###############################################################################
856
857# Taiwan
858
859# From smallufo (2010-04-03):
860# According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
861# http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
862# Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
863
864# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
865# On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
866# Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
867# Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
868# (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
869# 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
870# found on Wikisource:
871# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
872# ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
873# during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
874# declared officially.
875#
876# Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
877# Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
878# revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
879# time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
880# western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
881# territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
882# (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
883# be found on Wikisource:
884# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
885#
886# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
887
888# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
889# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
890# back to UT+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
891# during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
892# zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
893# history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
894# note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
895# materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
896# today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
897# from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
898# that:
899#
900# 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
901# the time at 135E (GMT+9)
902#
903# 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
904# 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
905# as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
906# Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
907#
908# 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
909# territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
910# Time.
911#
912# [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
913# http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
914# [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
915# http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
916# [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
917# http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
918
919# Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
920# I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
921# Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan.  It's Taiwan Governor-General
922# Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
923# [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
924# bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
925# Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21.  I think this bulletin is much more
926# official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
927# top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
928# would be a good one.
929# [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
930# http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
931
932# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
933# In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
934# Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
935#
936# Original Bulletin:
937# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
938# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
939#
940# In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
941# telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
942#
943# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
944#
945# Here is a brief translation:
946#
947#   The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
948#   midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
949#   adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
950#
951# The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
952# be found from historical government announcement database.
953
954# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
955# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
956# until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
957# Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
958
959# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
960Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
961Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
962Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
963Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
964Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
965Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
966Rule	Taiwan	1952	only	-	Mar	1	0:00	1:00	D
967Rule	Taiwan	1952	1954	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
968Rule	Taiwan	1953	1959	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
969Rule	Taiwan	1955	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
970Rule	Taiwan	1960	1961	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	D
971Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
972Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
973Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	1:00	D
974Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
975
976# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
977# Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
978Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 Jan  1
979			8:00	-	CST	1937 Oct  1
980			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 21  1:00
981			8:00	Taiwan	C%sT
982
983# Macau (Macao, Aomen)
984#
985# From P Chan (2018-05-10):
986# * LegisMac
987#   http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
988#   A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
989#   Chinese and Portuguese.  The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
990#   searching decrees about summer time.
991# * Archives of Macao
992#   http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
993#   It contains images of old official gazettes.
994# * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
995#   summer time history.  But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
996#   http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
997# Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong.  Clocks were
998# advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds.  Which means the LMT used was
999# +7:34:10.  As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
1000# and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
1001# http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
1002#
1003# Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
1004#
1005# From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
1006# [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
1007#	DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
1008#	DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
1009#	DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
1010#	PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
1011#	PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
1012#	PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
1013#	PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
1014#	PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
1015#	PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
1016#	PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
1017#	PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
1018#	PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
1019#	PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
1020#	PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
1021#	PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
1022#	PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
1023#	PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
1024#	PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
1025#	PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
1026#	PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
1027#	PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
1028#	PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
1029#	PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
1030#	PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
1031#	PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
1032#	PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
1033#	PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
1034#	PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
1035#	PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
1036#	PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
1037#	PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
1038#	PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
1039#	PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
1040#	PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
1041#	PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
1042#	PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
1043#	PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
1044#	PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
1045#	PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
1046#	PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
1047#	PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
1048#	PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
1049#	PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
1050#	PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
1051#	PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
1052#	PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
1053#	PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
1054#	PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
1055#	PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
1056#	PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
1057#	PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
1058#	PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
1059#	PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
1060#	PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
1061#	PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
1062#	PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
1063#	PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
1064#	PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
1065#	PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
1066#	PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
1067#	PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
1068#	PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
1069#	PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
1070#	PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
1071#	PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
1072#	PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
1073#	PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
1074#	PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
1075#	PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
1076#	PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
1077# Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
1078# LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
1079# between GMT+9 and GMT+10.  Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
1080
1081# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
1082# The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
1083# Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
1084
1085# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1086Rule	Macau	1942	1943	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	-
1087Rule	Macau	1942	only	-	Nov	17	23:00	0	-
1088Rule	Macau	1943	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	S
1089Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Apr	30	23:00s	1:00	D
1090Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Sep	30	23:00s	0	S
1091Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Apr	19	23:00s	1:00	D
1092Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Nov	30	23:00s	0	S
1093Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	May	 2	23:00s	1:00	D
1094Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	Oct	31	23:00s	0	S
1095Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
1096Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
1097Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Mar	31	23:00s	1:00	D
1098Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Oct	28	23:00s	0	S
1099Rule	Macau	1952	1953	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
1100Rule	Macau	1952	only	-	Nov	 1	23:00s	0	S
1101Rule	Macau	1953	1954	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
1102Rule	Macau	1954	1956	-	Mar	Sat>=17	23:00s	1:00	D
1103Rule	Macau	1955	only	-	Nov	 5	23:00s	0	S
1104Rule	Macau	1956	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	03:30	0	S
1105Rule	Macau	1957	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	03:30	1:00	D
1106Rule	Macau	1965	1973	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
1107Rule	Macau	1965	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=16	02:30	0	S
1108Rule	Macau	1967	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S
1109Rule	Macau	1973	only	-	Dec	30	03:30	1:00	D
1110Rule	Macau	1975	1976	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
1111Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	May	13	03:30	1:00	D
1112Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S
1113
1114# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1115Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:10 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
1116			8:00	-	CST	1941 Dec 21 23:00
1117			9:00	Macau	+09/+10	1945 Sep 30 24:00
1118			8:00	Macau	C%sT
1119
1120
1121###############################################################################
1122
1123# Cyprus
1124
1125# Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
1126# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
1127
1128# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
1129# Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
1130# lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
1131# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
1132#
1133# From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
1134# Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
1135# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
1136
1137# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1138# Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
1139# staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus.  See: Anastasiou A.
1140# Cyprus to remain united in time.  Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
1141# https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
1142
1143# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1144Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Apr	13	0:00	1:00	S
1145Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Oct	12	0:00	0	-
1146Rule	Cyprus	1976	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
1147Rule	Cyprus	1976	only	-	Oct	11	0:00	0	-
1148Rule	Cyprus	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
1149Rule	Cyprus	1977	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
1150Rule	Cyprus	1978	only	-	Oct	2	0:00	0	-
1151Rule	Cyprus	1979	1997	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
1152Rule	Cyprus	1981	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
1153# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1154Zone	Asia/Nicosia	2:13:28 -	LMT	1921 Nov 14
1155			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
1156			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
1157Zone	Asia/Famagusta	2:15:48	-	LMT	1921 Nov 14
1158			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
1159			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT	2016 Sep  8
1160			3:00	-	+03	2017 Oct 29 1:00u
1161			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
1162
1163# Georgia
1164# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
1165# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
1166# an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
1167# an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
1168# We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
1169#
1170# From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
1171# Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
1172# will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
1173# President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
1174#
1175# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
1176#
1177# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday...  The former Soviet
1178# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
1179# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
1180# ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
1181# Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
1182# of integration into Europe.
1183
1184# From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
1185# Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
1186# [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
1187# Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
1188# +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
1189# about it.  As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
1190# because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
1191# I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
1192# DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
1193
1194# Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
1195# Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
1196# Go with Byalokoz.
1197
1198# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1199Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:11 -	LMT	1880
1200			2:59:11	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
1201			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
1202			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1203			3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04	1992
1204			3:00 E-EurAsia	+03/+04	1994 Sep lastSun
1205			4:00 E-EurAsia	+04/+05	1996 Oct lastSun
1206			4:00	1:00	+05	1997 Mar lastSun
1207			4:00 E-EurAsia	+04/+05	2004 Jun 27
1208			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	2005 Mar lastSun  2:00
1209			4:00	-	+04
1210
1211# East Timor
1212
1213# See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
1214
1215# From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
1216# East Timor may be late for its millennium
1217# <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
1218# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
1219# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
1220# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
1221# conflicts with their way of life.
1222
1223# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
1224# We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1225# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1226
1227# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1228# http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1229# (2000-08-16):
1230# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1231# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
1232# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1233# midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1234
1235# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1236Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
1237			8:00	-	+08	1942 Feb 21 23:00
1238			9:00	-	+09	1976 May  3
1239			8:00	-	+08	2000 Sep 17  0:00
1240			9:00	-	+09
1241
1242# India
1243
1244# British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
1245# "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
1246# The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
1247# east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories.  No reason is
1248# given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
1249# chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
1250# that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
1251# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
1252# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
1253
1254# From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1255# https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1256# (2015-12-22):
1257# In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1258# outskirts of Bombay....  They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1259# local time in favor of Indian Standard Time....  Journalists called this
1260# dispute the "Battle of the Clocks."  It lasted nearly half a century.
1261
1262# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1263# Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1264# "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1265# measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1266# (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1267# and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1268# 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1269# "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1270# standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time.  The citizen of
1271# Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1272# his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1273# of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1274# the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
1275# Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
1276# rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
1277# place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
1278# Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
1279#
1280# "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
1281# only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
1282# first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
1283# Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
1284# local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
1285# Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
1286#
1287# Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
1288# https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
1289# This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
1290# 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530.  Some
1291# municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
1292# continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
1293# government offices.  Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
1294# at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book).  Railway time is more
1295# appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
1296# elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
1297# consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata.  So, use railway
1298# time for 1870-1941.  Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
1299# 1941-1945 data.
1300
1301# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1302Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
1303			5:53:20	-	HMT	1870	    # Howrah Mean Time?
1304			5:21:10	-	MMT	1906 Jan  1 # Madras local time
1305			5:30	-	IST	1941 Oct
1306			5:30	1:00	+0630	1942 May 15
1307			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
1308			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
1309			5:30	-	IST
1310# Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
1311#	Andaman Is
1312#	Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
1313#	Nicobar Is
1314
1315# Indonesia
1316#
1317# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
1318# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
1319# civil time was 7:07:12.5.
1320#
1321# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
1322# http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
1323# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
1324# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
1325# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
1326#
1327# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
1328# Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
1329# JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
1330# Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
1331# other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
1332# September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
1333# These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
1334# Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
1335# Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
1336# from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
1337# (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
1338# switched on 1945-09-23.
1339#
1340# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
1341# Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
1342# Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
1343# when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
1344# summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
1345# Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
1346# Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
1347# The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
1348#
1349# WIB  - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
1350# WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
1351# WIT  - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
1352#
1353# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1354# Java, Sumatra
1355		#STDOFF	7:07:12.5
1356Zone Asia/Jakarta	7:07:12 -	LMT	1867 Aug 10
1357# Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
1358# but this must be a typo.
1359			7:07:12	-	BMT	1923 Dec 31 16:40u # Batavia
1360			7:20	-	+0720	1932 Nov
1361			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Mar 23
1362			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
1363			7:30	-	+0730	1948 May
1364			8:00	-	+08	1950 May
1365			7:30	-	+0730	1964
1366			7:00	-	WIB
1367# west and central Borneo
1368Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 May
1369			7:17:20	-	PMT	1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
1370			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Jan 29
1371			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
1372			7:30	-	+0730	1948 May
1373			8:00	-	+08	1950 May
1374			7:30	-	+0730	1964
1375			8:00	-	WITA	1988 Jan  1
1376			7:00	-	WIB
1377# Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
1378Zone Asia/Makassar	7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
1379			7:57:36	-	MMT	1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
1380			8:00	-	+08	1942 Feb  9
1381			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
1382			8:00	-	WITA
1383# Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
1384Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
1385			9:00	-	+09	1944 Sep  1
1386			9:30	-	+0930	1964
1387			9:00	-	WIT
1388
1389# Iran
1390
1391# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-30):
1392# Here's an order from the Cabinet to the rest of the government to switch to
1393# Tehran time, which is mentioned to be already at +03:30:
1394# https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
1395# Just in case that goes away, I also saved a copy at archive.org:
1396# https://web.archive.org/web/20220530111940/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
1397# Here's my translation:
1398#
1399# "Circular on Matching the Hours of Governmental and Official Circles
1400# in Provinces
1401# Approved 1314/03/22 [=1935-06-13]
1402# According to the ruling of the Honorable Cabinet, it is ordered that from
1403# now on in all internal provinces of the country, governmental and official
1404# circles set their time to match Tehran time (three hours and half before
1405# Greenwich)....
1406#
1407# I still haven't found out when Tehran itself switched to +03:30....
1408#
1409# From Paul Eggert (2022-06-05):
1410# Although the above says Tehran was at +03:30 before 1935-06-13, we don't
1411# know when it switched to +03:30.  For now, use 1935-06-13 as the switch date.
1412# Although most likely wrong, we have no better info.
1413
1414# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-06-01):
1415# This is from Kayhan newspaper, one of the major Iranian newspapers, from
1416# March 20, 1978, page 2:
1417#
1418# "Pull the clocks 60 minutes forward
1419# As we informed before, from the fourth day of the month Farvardin of the
1420# new year [=1978-03-24], clocks will be pulled forward, and people's daily
1421# work and life program will start one hour earlier than the current program.
1422# On the 1st day of the month Farvardin of this year [=1977-03-21], they had
1423# pulled the clocks forward by one hour, but in the month of Mehr
1424# [=1977-09-23], the clocks were pulled back by 30 minutes.
1425# In this way, from the 4th day of the month Farvardin, clocks will be ahead
1426# of the previous years by one hour and a half.
1427# According to the new program, during the night of 4th of Farvardin, when
1428# the midnight, meaning 24 o'clock is announced, the hands of the clock must
1429# be pulled forward by one hour and thus consider midnight 1 o'clock in the
1430# forenoon."
1431#
1432# This implies that in September 1977, when the daylight savings time was
1433# done with, Iran didn't go back to +03:30, but immediately to +04:00.
1434#
1435#
1436# This is from the major Iranian newspaper Ettela'at, dated [1978-08-03]...,
1437# page 32. It looks like they decided to get the clocks back to +4:00
1438# just in time for Ramadan that year:
1439#
1440# "Tomorrow Night, Pull the Clocks Back by One Hour
1441# At 1 o'clock in the forenoon of Saturday 14 Mordad [=1978-08-05], the
1442# clocks will be pulled one hour back and instead of 1 o'clock in the
1443# forenoon, Radio Iran will announce 24 o'clock.
1444# This decision was made in the Cabinet of Ministers meeting of 25 Tir
1445# [=1978-07-16], [...]
1446# At the beginning of the year 2537 [=March 1978: Iran was using a different
1447# year number for a few years then, based on the Coronation of Cyrus the
1448# Great], the country's official time was pulled forward by one hour and now
1449# the official time is one hour and a half ahead compared to last year,
1450# because in Farvardin of last year [=March 1977], the official time was
1451# pulled forward one hour and this continued until the second half of last
1452# year [=September 1977] until in the second half of last year the official
1453# time was pulled back half an hour and that half hour still remains."
1454#
1455# This matches the time of the true noon published in the newspapers, as they
1456# clearly go from +05:00 to +04:00 after that date (which happened during a
1457# long weekend in Iran).
1458
1459# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-31):
1460# [Movahedi S. Cultural preconceptions of time: Can we use operational time
1461# to meddle in God's Time? Comp Stud Soc Hist. 1985;27(3):385-400]
1462# https://www.jstor.org/stable/178704
1463# Here's the quotes from the paper:
1464# 1. '"Iran's official time keeper moved the clock one hour forward as from
1465# March 22, 1977 (Farvardin 2, 2536) to make maximum use of daylight and save
1466# in energy consumption. Thus Iran joined such other countries as Britain in
1467# observing what is known as 'daylight saving.' The proposal was originally
1468# put forward by the Ministry of Energy, in no way having any influence on
1469# observing religious ceremonies. Moving time one hour forward in summer
1470# means that at 11:00 o'clock on March 21, the official time was set as
1471# midnight March 22. Then September 24 will actually begin one hour later
1472# than the end of September 23 [...]." Iran's time base thus continued to be
1473# Greenwich Mean Time plus three and one-half hours (plus four and one-half
1474# hours in summer).'
1475#
1476# The article sources this from Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, 1977, Tehran:
1477# Echo of Iran, which is on Google Books at
1478# https://www.google.com/books/edition/Iran_Almanac_and_Book_of_Facts/9ybVAAAAMAAJ.
1479# (I confirmed it by searching for snippets.)
1480#
1481# 2. "After the fall of the shah, the revolutionary government returned to
1482# daylight-saving time (DST) on 26 May 1979."
1483#
1484# This seems to have been announced just one day in advance, on 25 May 1979.
1485#
1486# The change in 1977 clearly seems to be the first daylight savings effort in
1487# Iran. But the article doesn't mention what happened in 1978 (which was
1488# still during the shah's government), or how things continued in 1979
1489# onwards (which was during the Islamic Republic).
1490
1491# From Francis Santoni (2022-06-01):
1492# for Iran and 1977 the effective change is only 20 October
1493# (UIT No. 143 17.XI.1977) and not 23 September (UIT No. 141 13.IX.1977).
1494# UIT is the Operational Bulletin of International Telecommunication Union.
1495
1496# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
1497# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
1498# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
1499#
1500#	Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1501#	No. 16760/T233 H				1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1502#
1503#	The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1504#
1505#	The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1506#	based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1507#	of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1508#	and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1509#	and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1510#	for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1511#
1512#	The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1513#	at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1514#	to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1515#	Shahrivar.
1516#
1517#	First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1518#
1519# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1520# for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
1521# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1522# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1523#
1524# From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1525# The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1526# that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1527# leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
1528# plan to change that law....
1529#
1530# From Paul Eggert (2022-06-30):
1531# Go with Pournader for 1935 through spring 1979, and for timestamps
1532# after August 1991; go with with Shanks & Pottenger for other timestamps.
1533# Go with Santoni's citation of the UIT for fall 1977, as 20 October 1977
1534# is 28 Mehr 1356, consistent with the "Mehr" in Pournader's source.
1535# Assume that the UIT's "1930" is UTC, i.e., 24:00 local time.
1536#
1537# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1538# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1539# For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1540# the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1541# Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1542# known exactly, amongst other factors.  2157 is even closer:
1543# 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT.  But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1544# no interpretation problem whatsoever.  By the way, another instant
1545# in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1546# arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1547# vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT.  The Java version of
1548# Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1549# 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1550#
1551# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1552# Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1553# http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1554#
1555# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1556# ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1557# daylight saving time ...
1558# https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1559#
1560# From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1561# This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1562# Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1563# [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1564# The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1565# on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1566# be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1567# thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1568#
1569# From Ali Mirjamali (2022-05-10):
1570# Official IR News Agency announcement: irna.ir/xjJ3TT
1571# ...
1572# Highlights: DST will be cancelled for the next Iranian year 1402
1573# (i.e 2023-March-21) and forthcoming years.
1574#
1575# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1576# Work around a bug in zic 2022a and earlier.
1577Rule	Iran	1910	only	-	Jan	 1	00:00	0	-
1578#
1579Rule	Iran	1977	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	1:00	-
1580Rule	Iran	1977	only	-	Oct	20	24:00	0	-
1581Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Mar	24	24:00	1:00	-
1582Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Aug	 5	01:00	0	-
1583Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	May	26	24:00	1:00	-
1584Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
1585Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
1586Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	22	24:00	0	-
1587Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 2	24:00	1:00	-
1588Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
1589Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
1590Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
1591Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
1592Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
1593Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
1594Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
1595Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
1596Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
1597Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
1598Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
1599Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
1600Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
1601Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
1602Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
1603Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
1604Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
1605Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
1606Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
1607Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
1608Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
1609Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
1610Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
1611Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
1612Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
1613Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
1614Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
1615Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
1616Rule	Iran	2021	2022	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
1617Rule	Iran	2021	2022	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
1618
1619# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1620Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
1621			3:25:44	-	TMT	1935 Jun 13 # Tehran Mean Time
1622			3:30	Iran	+0330/+0430 1977 Oct 20 24:00
1623			4:00	Iran	+04/+05	1979
1624			3:30	Iran	+0330/+0430
1625
1626
1627# Iraq
1628#
1629# From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1630# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1631# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1632# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1633# are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1634#
1635# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1636# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1637# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
1638# to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
1639# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1640#
1641# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1642
1643# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1644# The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1645# news sources (in Arabic):
1646# http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1647# http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1648#
1649# We have published a short article in English about the change:
1650# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1651
1652# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1653Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	-
1654Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
1655Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	-
1656Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
1657Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
1658Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	-
1659# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1660# Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1661#
1662Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	-
1663Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	-
1664# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1665Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
1666			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
1667			3:00	-	+03	1982 May
1668			3:00	Iraq	+03/+04
1669
1670
1671###############################################################################
1672
1673# Israel
1674
1675# For more info about the motivation for DST in Israel, see:
1676# Barak Y. Israel's Daylight Saving Time controversy. Israel Affairs.
1677# 2020-08-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2020.1806564
1678
1679# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1680#
1681# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
1682# different abbreviations in use:
1683#
1684# JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1685# IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1686# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1687#
1688# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1689# I ruled out JST.  As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1690# EEST was equally unacceptable.  Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1691# any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1692# and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1693# settings in Israeli computers.
1694#
1695# In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1696# high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1697# family is from India).
1698
1699# From P Chan (2020-10-27), with corrections:
1700#
1701# 1940-1946 Supplement No. 2 to the Palestine Gazette
1702# # issue page  Order No.   dated      start        end         note
1703# 1 1010  729  67 of 1940 1940-05-22 1940-05-31* 1940-09-30* revoked by #2
1704# 2 1013  758  73 of 1940 1940-05-31 1940-05-31  1940-09-30
1705# 3 1055 1574 196 of 1940 1940-11-06 1940-11-16  1940-12-31
1706# 4 1066 1811 208 of 1940 1940-12-17 1940-12-31  1941-12-31
1707# 5 1156 1967 116 of 1941 1941-12-16 1941-12-31  1942-12-31* amended by #6
1708# 6 1228 1608  86 of 1942 1942-10-14 1941-12-31  1942-10-31
1709# 7 1256  279  21 of 1943 1943-03-18 1943-03-31  1943-10-31
1710# 8 1323  249  19 of 1944 1944-03-13 1944-03-31  1944-10-31
1711# 9 1402  328  20 of 1945 1945-04-05 1945-04-15  1945-10-31
1712#10 1487  596  14 of 1946 1946-04-04 1946-04-15  1946-10-31
1713#
1714# 1948 Iton Rishmi (Official Gazette of the Provisional Government)
1715# #    issue    page   dated      start       end
1716#11 2             7 1948-05-20 1948-05-22 1948-10-31*
1717#	^This moved timezone to +04, replaced by #12 from 1948-08-31 24:00 GMT.
1718#12 17 (Annex B) 84 1948-08-22 1948-08-31 1948-10-31
1719#
1720# 1949-2000 Kovetz HaTakanot (Collection of Regulations)
1721# # issue page  dated      start       end            note
1722#13    6  133 1949-03-23 1949-04-30  1949-10-31
1723#14   80  755 1950-03-17 1950-04-15  1950-09-14
1724#15  164  782 1951-03-22 1951-03-31  1951-09-29* amended by #16
1725#16  206 1940 1951-09-23 ----------  1951-10-22* amended by #17
1726#17  212   78 1951-10-19 ----------  1951-11-10
1727#18  254  652 1952-03-03 1952-04-19  1952-09-27* amended by #19
1728#19  300   11 1952-09-15 ----------  1952-10-18
1729#20  348  817 1953-03-03 1953-04-11  1953-09-12
1730#21  420  385 1954-02-17 1954-06-12  1954-09-11
1731#22  497  548 1955-01-14 1955-06-11  1955-09-10
1732#23  591  608 1956-03-12 1956-06-02  1956-09-29
1733#24  680  957 1957-02-08 1957-04-27  1957-09-21
1734#25 3192 1418 1974-06-28 1974-07-06  1974-10-12
1735#26 3322 1389 1975-04-03 1975-04-19  1975-08-30
1736#27 4146 2089 1980-07-15 1980-08-02  1980-09-13
1737#28 4604 1081 1984-02-22 1984-05-05* 1984-08-25* revoked by #29
1738#29 4619 1312 1984-04-06 1984-05-05  1984-08-25
1739#30 4744  475 1984-12-23 1985-04-13  1985-09-14* amended by #31
1740#31 4851 1848 1985-08-18 ----------  1985-08-31
1741#32 4932  899 1986-04-22 1986-05-17  1986-09-06
1742#33 5013  580 1987-02-15 1987-04-18* 1987-08-22* revoked by #34
1743#34 5021  744 1987-03-30 1987-04-14  1987-09-12
1744#35 5096  659 1988-02-14 1988-04-09  1988-09-03
1745#36 5167  514 1989-02-03 1989-04-29  1989-09-02
1746#37 5248  375 1990-01-23 1990-03-24  1990-08-25
1747#38 5335  612 1991-02-10 1991-03-09* 1991-08-31	 amended by #39
1748#			 1992-03-28  1992-09-05
1749#39 5339  709 1991-03-04 1991-03-23  ----------
1750#40 5506  503 1993-02-18 1993-04-02  1993-09-05
1751#			 1994-04-01  1994-08-28
1752#			 1995-03-31  1995-09-03
1753#41 5731  438 1996-01-01 1996-03-14  1996-09-15
1754#			 1997-03-13* 1997-09-18* overridden by 1997 Temp Prov
1755#			 1998-03-19* 1998-09-17* revoked by #42
1756#42 5853 1243 1997-09-18 1998-03-19  1998-09-05
1757#43 5937   77 1998-10-18 1999-04-02  1999-09-03
1758#			 2000-04-14* 2000-09-15* revoked by #44
1759#			 2001-04-13* 2001-09-14* revoked by #44
1760#44 6024   39 2000-03-14 2000-04-14  2000-10-22* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1761#			 2001-04-06* 2001-10-10* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1762#			 2002-03-29* 2002-10-29* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1763#
1764# These are laws enacted by the Knesset since the Minister could only alter the
1765# transition dates at least six months in advanced under the 1992 Law.
1766#				dated		start		end
1767# 1997 Temporary Provisions	1997-03-06	1997-03-20	1997-09-13
1768# 2000 Temporary Provisions	2000-07-28	----------	2000-10-06
1769#						2001-04-09	2001-09-24
1770#						2002-03-29	2002-10-07
1771#						2003-03-28	2003-10-03
1772#						2004-04-07	2004-09-22
1773# Note:
1774# Transition times in 1940-1957 (#1-#24) were midnight GMT,
1775# in 1974-1998 (#25-#42 and the 1997 Temporary Provisions) were midnight,
1776# in 1999-April 2000 (#43,#44) were 02:00,
1777# in the 2000 Temporary Provisions were 01:00.
1778#
1779# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1780# Links:
1781# 1 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=687
1782# 2 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=716
1783# 3 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=721
1784# 4 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=958
1785# 5 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537502&increment=558
1786# 6 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537511&increment=105
1787# 7 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537516&increment=278
1788# 8 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537522&increment=248
1789# 9 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537530&increment=329
1790#10 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537537&increment=601
1791#11 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-002.pdf#page=3
1792#12 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-017-t2.pdf#page=4
1793#13 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0006.pdf#page=3
1794#14 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0080.pdf#page=7
1795#15 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0164.pdf#page=10
1796#16 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0206.pdf#page=4
1797#17 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0212.pdf#page=2
1798#18 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0254.pdf#page=4
1799#19 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0300.pdf#page=5
1800#20 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0348.pdf#page=3
1801#21 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0420.pdf#page=5
1802#22 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0497.pdf#page=10
1803#23 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0591.pdf#page=6
1804#24 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0680.pdf#page=3
1805#25 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3192.pdf#page=2
1806#26 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3322.pdf#page=5
1807#27 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4146.pdf#page=2
1808#28 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4604.pdf#page=7
1809#29 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4619.pdf#page=2
1810#30 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4744.pdf#page=11
1811#31 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4851.pdf#page=2
1812#32 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4932.pdf#page=19
1813#33 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5013.pdf#page=8
1814#34 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5021.pdf#page=8
1815#35 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5096.pdf#page=3
1816#36 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5167.pdf#page=2
1817#37 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5248.pdf#page=7
1818#38 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5335.pdf#page=6
1819#39 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5339.pdf#page=7
1820#40 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5506.pdf#page=19
1821#41 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5731.pdf#page=2
1822#42 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5853.pdf#page=3
1823#43 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5937.pdf#page=9
1824#44 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-6024.pdf#page=4
1825#
1826# Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 1997
1827# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_003.htm
1828#
1829# Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 2000
1830# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_004.htm
1831#
1832# Time Determination Law, 1992 and amendments
1833# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p201_002.htm
1834# https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation/Laws/Pages/LawPrimary.aspx?lawitemid=2001174
1835
1836# From Paul Eggert (2020-10-27):
1837# Several of the midnight transitions mentioned above are ambiguous;
1838# are they 00:00, 00:00s, 24:00, or 24:00s?  When resolving these ambiguities,
1839# try to minimize changes from previous tzdb versions, for lack of better info.
1840# Commentary from previous versions is included below, to help explain this.
1841
1842# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1843Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	May	31	24:00u	1:00	D
1844Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Sep	30	24:00u	0	S
1845Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Nov	16	24:00u	1:00	D
1846Rule	Zion	1942	1946	-	Oct	31	24:00u	0	S
1847Rule	Zion	1943	1944	-	Mar	31	24:00u	1:00	D
1848Rule	Zion	1945	1946	-	Apr	15	24:00u	1:00	D
1849Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	May	22	24:00u	2:00	DD
1850Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	Aug	31	24:00u	1:00	D
1851Rule	Zion	1948	1949	-	Oct	31	24:00u	0	S
1852Rule	Zion	1949	only	-	Apr	30	24:00u	1:00	D
1853Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Apr	15	24:00u	1:00	D
1854Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Sep	14	24:00u	0	S
1855Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Mar	31	24:00u	1:00	D
1856Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Nov	10	24:00u	0	S
1857Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Apr	19	24:00u	1:00	D
1858Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Oct	18	24:00u	0	S
1859Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Apr	11	24:00u	1:00	D
1860Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Sep	12	24:00u	0	S
1861Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Jun	12	24:00u	1:00	D
1862Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Sep	11	24:00u	0	S
1863Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Jun	11	24:00u	1:00	D
1864Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Sep	10	24:00u	0	S
1865Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Jun	 2	24:00u	1:00	D
1866Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Sep	29	24:00u	0	S
1867Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Apr	27	24:00u	1:00	D
1868Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Sep	21	24:00u	0	S
1869Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Jul	 6	24:00	1:00	D
1870Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Oct	12	24:00	0	S
1871Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Apr	19	24:00	1:00	D
1872Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Aug	30	24:00	0	S
1873
1874# From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06):
1875# http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון%20קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf
1876# From Isaac Starkman (2019-03-06):
1877# Summer time was in that period in 1980 and 1984, see
1878# https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3951073,00.html
1879# You can of course read it in translation.
1880# I checked the local newspapers for that years.
1881# It started on midnight and end at 01.00 am.
1882# From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06):
1883# Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL:
1884# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html
1885Rule	Zion	1980	only	-	Aug	 2	24:00s	1:00	D
1886Rule	Zion	1980	only	-	Sep	13	24:00s	0	S
1887Rule	Zion	1984	only	-	May	 5	24:00s	1:00	D
1888Rule	Zion	1984	only	-	Aug	25	24:00s	0	S
1889
1890Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Apr	13	24:00	1:00	D
1891Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Aug	31	24:00	0	S
1892Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	May	17	24:00	1:00	D
1893Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	Sep	 6	24:00	0	S
1894Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Apr	14	24:00	1:00	D
1895Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Sep	12	24:00	0	S
1896
1897# From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1898# I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1899# [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1900# ends and changes to Sunday.
1901Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	 9	24:00	1:00	D
1902Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 3	24:00	0	S
1903
1904# From Ephraim Silverberg
1905# (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1906# and 2005-02-17):
1907
1908# According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1909# Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1910# One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1911# days of daylight savings time annually.  From 1993-1998, the change to
1912# daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1913# 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1914# Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1915# time.  1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1916# time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1917# conflicts with the Jewish New Year.  In 1999, the change to
1918# daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1919# 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1920# was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1921# 1999 only.  In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1922# similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1923# will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST.  Starting in 2001, all
1924# changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1925# rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1926# (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1927# of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1928# (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1929# (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1930
1931# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1932Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Apr	29	24:00	1:00	D
1933Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Sep	 2	24:00	0	S
1934Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Mar	24	24:00	1:00	D
1935Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Aug	25	24:00	0	S
1936Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Mar	23	24:00	1:00	D
1937Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Aug	31	24:00	0	S
1938Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Mar	28	24:00	1:00	D
1939Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Sep	 5	24:00	0	S
1940Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	D
1941Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Sep	 5	0:00	0	S
1942
1943# The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1944# Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel.  The spokeswoman can be reached by
1945# calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1946
1947# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1948Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
1949Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Aug	28	0:00	0	S
1950Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
1951Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
1952
1953# The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1954# time, Haim Ramon.  The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1955# (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1956#
1957#   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1958#
1959# The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1960#
1961# The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1962#
1963#   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1964#
1965#       where YYYY is the relevant year.
1966
1967# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1968Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Mar	14	24:00	1:00	D
1969Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Sep	15	24:00	0	S
1970Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	D
1971Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Sep	13	24:00	0	S
1972Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	D
1973Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Sep	 6	0:00	0	S
1974Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	D
1975Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Sep	 3	2:00	0	S
1976
1977# The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1978# the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1979# years 2001-2004 as well.
1980#
1981# The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1982#
1983#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1984#
1985# The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1986# for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1987#
1988#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1989
1990# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1991Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
1992Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Oct	 6	1:00	0	S
1993Rule	Zion	2001	only	-	Apr	 9	1:00	1:00	D
1994Rule	Zion	2001	only	-	Sep	24	1:00	0	S
1995Rule	Zion	2002	only	-	Mar	29	1:00	1:00	D
1996Rule	Zion	2002	only	-	Oct	 7	1:00	0	S
1997Rule	Zion	2003	only	-	Mar	28	1:00	1:00	D
1998Rule	Zion	2003	only	-	Oct	 3	1:00	0	S
1999Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Apr	 7	1:00	1:00	D
2000Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Sep	22	1:00	0	S
2001
2002# The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
2003# 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
2004# last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
2005# 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
2006# night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
2007#
2008# Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
2009#
2010#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
2011
2012# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2013Rule	Zion	2005	2012	-	Apr	Fri<=1	2:00	1:00	D
2014Rule	Zion	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	0	S
2015Rule	Zion	2006	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00	0	S
2016Rule	Zion	2007	only	-	Sep	16	2:00	0	S
2017Rule	Zion	2008	only	-	Oct	 5	2:00	0	S
2018Rule	Zion	2009	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	0	S
2019Rule	Zion	2010	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	0	S
2020Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
2021Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Sep	23	2:00	0	S
2022
2023# From Ephraim Silverberg (2020-10-26):
2024# The current time law (2013) from the State of Israel can be viewed
2025# (in Hebrew) at:
2026# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/israel/announcements/2013+law.pdf
2027# It translates to:
2028# Every year, in the period from the Friday before the last Sunday in
2029# the month of March at 02:00 a.m. until the last Sunday of the month
2030# of October at 02:00 a.m., Israel Time will be advanced an additional
2031# hour such that it will be UTC+3.
2032
2033# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2034Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Mar	Fri>=23	2:00	1:00	D
2035Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
2036
2037# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2038Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:54 -	LMT	1880
2039			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
2040			2:00	Zion	I%sT
2041
2042
2043
2044###############################################################################
2045
2046# Japan
2047
2048# '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
2049
2050# From Paul Eggert (2020-01-19):
2051# Starting in the 7th century, Japan generally followed an ancient Chinese
2052# timekeeping system that divided night and day into six hours each,
2053# with hour length depending on season.  In 1873 the government
2054# started requiring the use of a Western style 24-hour clock.  See:
2055# Yulia Frumer, "Making Time: Astronomical Time Measurement in Tokugawa Japan"
2056# <https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043907065>.  As the tzdb code and
2057# data support only 24-hour clocks, its tables model timestamps before
2058# 1873 using Western-style local mean time.
2059
2060# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
2061# 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
2062# Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
2063# This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
2064# edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
2065# JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
2066# The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
2067
2068# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
2069# The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
2070# which stands for the time on 135° E.
2071# In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
2072# standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
2073# time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
2074# time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
2075# 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
2076# standard....
2077#
2078# I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
2079# In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
2080
2081# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
2082# ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
2083# about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
2084# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
2085#
2086# ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
2087# means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
2088# Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
2089# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
2090
2091# From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
2092# Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
2093# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
2094# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
2095
2096# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
2097# http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
2098# Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
2099# [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
2100# daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
2101# deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
2102# dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
2103# Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
2104# of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
2105# wanted to keep it.)
2106
2107# From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
2108# The source of information is Japanese law.
2109# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
2110# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
2111# ... In summary, it is written as follows.  From 24:00 on the first Saturday
2112# in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
2113
2114# From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
2115# [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
2116# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
2117# ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
2118# 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
2119# It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
2120# during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
2121# of the summer time is described in the document.
2122# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
2123# The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
2124# September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
2125# change the clock before they sleep.
2126#
2127# From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
2128# This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that.  zic treats
2129# it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
2130# do in any POSIX or C platform.  The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
2131# which should be safe now.
2132
2133# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2134Rule	Japan	1948	only	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
2135Rule	Japan	1948	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=8	25:00	0	S
2136Rule	Japan	1949	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
2137Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
2138
2139# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2140Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
2141			9:00	Japan	J%sT
2142# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
2143# except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
2144# switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
2145
2146# Jordan
2147#
2148# From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
2149# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
2150# Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
2151# in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
2152# all year round.
2153#
2154# From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
2155# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
2156# Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
2157# by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
2158# The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
2159# government's departments from six to seven hours.
2160#
2161# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2162# Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2163#
2164# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2165# For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
2166# about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
2167#
2168# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
2169# http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
2170# "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
2171#
2172
2173# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
2174# This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
2175# http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
2176#
2177# Google's translation:
2178#
2179# > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
2180# > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
2181# > of the month of March of each year.
2182#
2183# So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
2184
2185# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
2186# We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
2187
2188# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
2189# Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
2190# switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
2191# until about the same time next year (at least).
2192# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
2193
2194# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
2195# Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
2196# UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
2197# http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
2198# Official, in Arabic:
2199# http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
2200# ... Our background/permalink about it
2201# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
2202# ...
2203# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
2204# ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
2205# (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
2206
2207# From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
2208# As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
2209
2210# From Steffen Thorsen (2021-09-24):
2211# The Jordanian Government announced yesterday that they will start DST
2212# in February instead of March:
2213# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=37683&lang=en&name=en_news (English)
2214# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=189969&lang=ar&name=news (Arabic)
2215# From the Arabic version, it seems to say it would be at midnight
2216# (assume 24:00) on the last Thursday in February, starting from 2022.
2217
2218# From Issam Al-Zuwairi (2022-10-05):
2219# The Council of Ministers in Jordan decided Wednesday 5th October 2022,
2220# that daylight saving time (DST) will be throughout the year....
2221#
2222# From Brian Inglis (2022-10-06):
2223# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=45567&lang=en&name=en_news
2224#
2225# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):
2226# Like Syria, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
2227# (non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.
2228
2229# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2230Rule	Jordan	1973	only	-	Jun	6	0:00	1:00	S
2231Rule	Jordan	1973	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
2232Rule	Jordan	1974	1977	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
2233Rule	Jordan	1976	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
2234Rule	Jordan	1977	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
2235Rule	Jordan	1978	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
2236Rule	Jordan	1978	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
2237Rule	Jordan	1985	only	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
2238Rule	Jordan	1985	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
2239Rule	Jordan	1986	1988	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
2240Rule	Jordan	1986	1990	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
2241Rule	Jordan	1989	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	S
2242Rule	Jordan	1990	only	-	Apr	27	0:00	1:00	S
2243Rule	Jordan	1991	only	-	Apr	17	0:00	1:00	S
2244Rule	Jordan	1991	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
2245Rule	Jordan	1992	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
2246Rule	Jordan	1992	1993	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
2247Rule	Jordan	1993	1998	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
2248Rule	Jordan	1994	only	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
2249Rule	Jordan	1995	1998	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00s	0	-
2250Rule	Jordan	1999	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
2251Rule	Jordan	1999	2002	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
2252Rule	Jordan	2000	2001	-	Mar	lastThu	0:00s	1:00	S
2253Rule	Jordan	2002	2012	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
2254Rule	Jordan	2003	only	-	Oct	24	0:00s	0	-
2255Rule	Jordan	2004	only	-	Oct	15	0:00s	0	-
2256Rule	Jordan	2005	only	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
2257Rule	Jordan	2006	2011	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
2258Rule	Jordan	2013	only	-	Dec	20	0:00	0	-
2259Rule	Jordan	2014	2021	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
2260Rule	Jordan	2014	2022	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
2261Rule	Jordan	2022	only	-	Feb	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
2262# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2263Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
2264			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	2022 Oct 28 0:00s
2265			3:00	-	+03
2266
2267
2268# Kazakhstan
2269
2270# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
2271# <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
2272# The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
2273# daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
2274# complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
2275#
2276# From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
2277# ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
2278# was "blended" with the Central zone.  Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
2279# two time zones, and difference between them is one hour.  The zone
2280# closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
2281# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
2282# Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
2283# everything else....  I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
2284# de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
2285
2286# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
2287# Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
2288# produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
2289#
2290# 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
2291# from 1991-02-04 No. 20
2292# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
2293# removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
2294# starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
2295# It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
2296# Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
2297#
2298# The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
2299# of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
2300# of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
2301# text.
2302#
2303# According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
2304# -- page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
2305# http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564 -- on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
2306# transition to "summer" time:
2307# Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
2308# Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
2309# were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
2310# Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
2311# SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
2312# of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
2313# Other territories were to not move clocks.
2314# When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
2315# moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
2316# Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
2317#
2318# Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
2319# was one of such changes.
2320#
2321# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное_время
2322# claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
2323# Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
2324# were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
2325# forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
2326# (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
2327# article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
2328# move clocks.)
2329#
2330# This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
2331# the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
2332# to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
2333# time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
2334#
2335# 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2336# from 1992-01-13 No. 28
2337# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
2338# (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
2339# introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
2340# 1992-01-08 act.  It specified that time would be calculated
2341# according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
2342# on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
2343# 2:00, specified DST rules.  It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
2344# located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
2345# border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
2346# oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
2347# time belt).
2348#
2349# This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
2350# Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
2351# +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
2352#
2353# 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2354# from 1992-03-27 No. 284
2355# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
2356# cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
2357# since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
2358# and the fifth time belts respectively.
2359#
2360# 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2361# from 1994-09-23 No. 384
2362# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
2363# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
2364# oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
2365# the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
2366# result)....
2367#
2368# 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2369# from 1996-05-08 No. 575
2370# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
2371# amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
2372# of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
2373#
2374# 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2375# from 1999-03-26 No. 305
2376# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
2377# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
2378# last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
2379# time belt.
2380#
2381# This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
2382#
2383# 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2384# from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
2385# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
2386# replaces the previous five documents.
2387#
2388# The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
2389# fourth and the fifth time belts.  They account for changes in spelling
2390# and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
2391# probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
2392# (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
2393# from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
2394# fourth time belt (no change in practice).
2395#
2396# 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2397# from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
2398# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
2399# modified the 2000-11-23 act.  No relevant changes, apparently.
2400#
2401# 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2402# from 2004-07-20 No. 775
2403# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
2404# modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
2405# the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
2406# using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
2407# zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07).  The changes were to be implemented
2408# during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
2409# amended before implementation happened.
2410#
2411# 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2412# from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
2413# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
2414# modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
2415# (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
2416# 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
2417# Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
2418# during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
2419#
2420# This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
2421# zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
2422# +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
2423# and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
2424#
2425# 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2426# from 2005-03-15 No. 231
2427# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
2428# removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
2429# (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
2430# acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
2431# The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
2432# time.
2433#
2434# Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
2435# No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
2436# Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
2437# act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
2438
2439# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
2440# Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
2441# oblast.  Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
2442# (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
2443# according to wikipedia.)
2444#
2445# [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
2446# suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
2447# 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt.  But I do not understand
2448# how that could happen....
2449#
2450# [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2451# (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2452# and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2453# the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2454
2455# From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
2456# (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from UTC+6 to UTC+5
2457# effective December 21st, 2018....
2458# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
2459
2460# From Zhanbolat Raimbekov (2024-01-19):
2461# Kazakhstan (all parts) switching to UTC+5 on March 1, 2024
2462# https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mti/press/news/details/688998?lang=ru
2463# [in Russian]
2464# (2024-01-20): https://primeminister.kz/ru/decisions/19012024-20
2465#
2466# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2024-01-19):
2467# According to a different news and the official web site for the Ministry of
2468# Trade and Integration of the Republic of Kazakhstan:
2469# https://en.inform.kz/news/kazakhstan-to-switch-to-single-hour-zone-mar-1-54ad0b/
2470
2471# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2472#
2473# Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2474# This includes Abai/Abay (ISO 3166-2 code KZ-10), Aqmola/Akmola (KZ-11),
2475# Almaty (KZ-19), Almaty city (KZ-75), Astana city (KZ-71),
2476# East Kazkhstan (KZ-63), Jambyl/Zhambyl (KZ-31), Jetisu/Zhetysu (KZ-33),
2477# Karaganda (KZ-35), North Kazakhstan (KZ-59), Pavlodar (KZ-55),
2478# Shyumkent city (KZ-79), Turkistan (KZ-61), and Ulytau (KZ-62).
2479Zone	Asia/Almaty	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
2480			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
2481			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2482			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2483			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2484			6:00	-	+06	2024 Mar  1  0:00
2485			5:00	-	+05
2486# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-43)
2487Zone	Asia/Qyzylorda	4:21:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
2488			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
2489			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
2490			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
2491			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
2492			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2493			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
2494			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2495			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2496			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2497			6:00	-	+06	2018 Dec 21  0:00
2498			5:00	-	+05
2499# Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-39)
2500# The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2501# reorganization.
2502Zone	Asia/Qostanay	4:14:28 -	LMT	1924 May  2
2503			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
2504			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
2505			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
2506			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
2507			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2508			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2509			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2510			6:00	-	+06	2024 Mar  1  0:00
2511			5:00	-	+05
2512# Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-15)
2513Zone	Asia/Aqtobe	3:48:40	-	LMT	1924 May  2
2514			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
2515			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
2516			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
2517			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
2518			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2519			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2520			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2521			5:00	-	+05
2522# Mangghystaū (KZ-47)
2523# Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2524# so include timestamps before 1963.
2525Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2
2526			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
2527			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
2528			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
2529			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2530			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2531			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1994 Sep 25  2:00s
2532			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2533			5:00	-	+05
2534# Atyraū (KZ-23) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
2535# +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
2536Zone	Asia/Atyrau	3:27:44	-	LMT	1924 May  2
2537			3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2538			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
2539			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
2540			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2541			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2542			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1999 Mar 28  2:00s
2543			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2544			5:00	-	+05
2545# West Kazakhstan (KZ-27)
2546# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2547# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2548Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
2549			3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2550			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
2551			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
2552			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
2553			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2554			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2555			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2556			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2557			5:00	-	+05
2558
2559# Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
2560# Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2561
2562# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
2563# According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
2564# http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
2565# Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
2566# to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
2567# From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
2568# Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
2569# From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
2570
2571# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2572Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	-
2573Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
2574Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	-
2575Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2004	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30	0	-
2576# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2577Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
2578			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
2579			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2580			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Aug 31  2:00
2581			5:00	Kyrgyz	+05/+06	2005 Aug 12
2582			6:00	-	+06
2583
2584###############################################################################
2585
2586# Korea (North and South)
2587
2588# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2589# http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2590# Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2591# during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
2592# between 1987 and 1988 ...
2593
2594# From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2595# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2596# According to the Korean Wikipedia
2597# https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2598# [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2599# DST in Republic of Korea was as follows....  And I checked old
2600# newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2601# For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2602# started at June 1 in that year.  For another example, the article in
2603# 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2604
2605# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
2606# 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
2607# date in South Korea should be
2608# 1955-09-08 without specifying time
2609# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
2610# 1956-09-29 without specifying time
2611# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
2612# 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
2613# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
2614# 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
2615# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
2616# 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
2617# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
2618# 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
2619# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
2620# ...
2621# 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
2622# when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
2623# aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
2624# follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
2625
2626
2627# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2628Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
2629Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Sep	12	24:00	0	S
2630Rule	ROK	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	D
2631Rule	ROK	1949	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=7	24:00	0	S
2632Rule	ROK	1950	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
2633Rule	ROK	1951	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	D
2634Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	1:00	D
2635Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	Sep	 8	24:00	0	S
2636Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	May	20	 0:00	1:00	D
2637Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	Sep	29	24:00	0	S
2638Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	May	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
2639Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	Sep	Sat>=17	24:00	0	S
2640Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	 2:00	1:00	D
2641Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 3:00	0	S
2642
2643# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2644# The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2645#
2646# 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2647# 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2648#       (Announcement No. 338)
2649# 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2650# 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2651#
2652# (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2653# edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2654#
2655# I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2656# rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2657# when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2658#
2659# For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
2660# have no information otherwise.
2661
2662# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
2663# According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
2664# the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
2665# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
2666#
2667# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
2668# Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations.  See:
2669# Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
2670# http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
2671# There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
2672# Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
2673
2674# From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
2675# North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
2676# Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
2677#
2678# From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
2679# Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
2680# https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
2681# ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ...  Citation should be Decree
2682# No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
2683# Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
2684# From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
2685# It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
2686#
2687# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
2688# The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
2689# https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
2690
2691# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2692Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1908 Apr  1
2693			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
2694			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  8
2695			9:00	ROK	K%sT	1954 Mar 21
2696			8:30	ROK	K%sT	1961 Aug 10
2697			9:00	ROK	K%sT
2698Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1908 Apr  1
2699			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
2700			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 24
2701			9:00	-	KST	2015 Aug 15 00:00
2702			8:30	-	KST	2018 May  4 23:30
2703			9:00	-	KST
2704
2705
2706# Lebanon
2707#
2708# From Saadallah Itani (2023-03-23):
2709# Lebanon ... announced today delay of Spring forward from March 25 to April 20.
2710#
2711# From Paul Eggert (2023-03-27):
2712# This announcement was by the Lebanese caretaker prime minister Najib Mikati.
2713# https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/1352516/lebanon-postpones-daylight-saving-time-adoption
2714# A video was later leaked to the media of parliament speaker Nabih Berri
2715# asking Mikati to postpone DST to aid observance of Ramadan, Mikati objecting
2716# that this would cause problems such as scheduling airline flights, to which
2717# Berri interjected, "What flights?"
2718#
2719# The change was controversial and led to a partly-sectarian divide.
2720# Many Lebanese institutions, including the education ministry, the Maronite
2721# church, and two news channels LCBI and MTV, ignored the announcement and
2722# went ahead with the long-scheduled spring-forward on March 25/26, some
2723# arguing that the prime minister had not followed the law because the change
2724# had not been approved by the cabinet.  Google went with the announcement;
2725# Apple ignored it.  At least one bank followed the announcement for its doors,
2726# but ignored the announcement in internal computer systems.
2727# Beirut international airport listed two times for each departure.
2728# Dan Azzi wrote "My view is that this whole thing is a Dumb and Dumber movie."
2729# Eventually the prime minister backed down, said the cabinet had decided to
2730# stick with its 1998 decision, and that DST would begin midnight March 29/30.
2731# https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/en/miscellaneous/604093/lebanon-has-two-times-of-day-amid-daylight-savings
2732# https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/27/lebanon-in-two-different-time-zones-as-government-disagrees-on-daylight-savings.html
2733#
2734# Although we could model the chaos with two Zones, that would likely cause
2735# more trouble than it would cure.  Since so many manual clocks and
2736# computer-based timestamps ignored the announcement, stick with official
2737# cabinet resolutions in the data while recording the prime minister's
2738# announcement as a comment.  This is how we treated a similar situation in
2739# Rio de Janeiro in spring 1993.
2740#
2741# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2742Rule	Lebanon	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
2743Rule	Lebanon	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
2744Rule	Lebanon	1921	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
2745Rule	Lebanon	1921	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
2746Rule	Lebanon	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
2747Rule	Lebanon	1922	only	-	Oct	8	0:00	0	-
2748Rule	Lebanon	1923	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
2749Rule	Lebanon	1923	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	-
2750Rule	Lebanon	1957	1961	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
2751Rule	Lebanon	1957	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
2752Rule	Lebanon	1972	only	-	Jun	22	0:00	1:00	S
2753Rule	Lebanon	1972	1977	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
2754Rule	Lebanon	1973	1977	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
2755Rule	Lebanon	1978	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
2756Rule	Lebanon	1978	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
2757Rule	Lebanon	1984	1987	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
2758Rule	Lebanon	1984	1991	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
2759Rule	Lebanon	1988	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
2760Rule	Lebanon	1989	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
2761Rule	Lebanon	1990	1992	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
2762Rule	Lebanon	1992	only	-	Oct	4	0:00	0	-
2763Rule	Lebanon	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
2764Rule	Lebanon	1993	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
2765Rule	Lebanon	1999	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
2766# This one-time rule, announced by the prime minister first for April 21
2767# then for March 30, is commented out for reasons described above.
2768#Rule	Lebanon	2023	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
2769
2770# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2771Zone	Asia/Beirut	2:22:00 -	LMT	1880
2772			2:00	Lebanon	EE%sT
2773
2774# Brunei
2775# Malaysia (eastern)
2776#
2777# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2778Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	-
2779Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
2780#
2781# For peninsular Malaysia see Asia/Singapore.
2782#
2783# Sabah & Sarawak
2784# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2785# The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2786# and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2787# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2788Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
2789			7:30	-	+0730	1933
2790			8:00 NBorneo  +08/+0820	1942 Feb 16
2791			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
2792			8:00	-	+08
2793
2794# Maldives
2795# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2796Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Malé
2797			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960 # Malé Mean Time
2798			5:00	-	+05
2799
2800# Mongolia
2801
2802# Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2803# The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2804# (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2805
2806# From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2807# General Information Mongolia
2808# <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2809# "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2810# Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2811# the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2812# eight hours."
2813
2814# From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2815# Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2816# being the last year it was implemented.  The dates of implementation I am
2817# unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2818# of implementation may have been different....
2819# Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2820# zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2821# Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2822
2823# From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2824# Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2825# We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2826# the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2827# and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2828# is good enough for our purposes.
2829
2830# From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2831# In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2832# (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2833# there are three time zones.
2834#
2835# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2836# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
2837#	Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
2838# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
2839#
2840# [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2841
2842# From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2843# Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2844# It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2845# September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2846#
2847# From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2848# For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2849# Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2850
2851# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2852# We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2853# Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2854# there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2855# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
2856# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2857# Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2858# Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2859# He also found
2860# http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2861# which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2862# (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2863# The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2864# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2865# The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2866# parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2867# For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2868
2869# From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2870# Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2871# They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2872# http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2873
2874# From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2875# We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2876# Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2877# +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2878# database on this, e.g.:
2879#
2880# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2881# http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2882#
2883# both say GMT+08:00.
2884
2885# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2886# eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2887# schedule here:
2888# http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2889# (click the English flag for English)
2890#
2891# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2892# about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2893# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2894# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2895# in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2896# Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2897
2898# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2899# Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2900# XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2901# was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2902# this is almost surely wrong.
2903
2904# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2905# It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2906# daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2907# March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2908# September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
2909# http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2910
2911# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2912Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
2913Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
2914# Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2915# but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
2916# (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2917#
2918# Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2919# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2920# at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2921# the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2922# correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2923# in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2924
2925# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2926# Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2927# saving time adoption in Mongolia.  Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2928
2929Rule	Mongol	1985	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
2930Rule	Mongol	1984	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
2931# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2932Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
2933Rule	Mongol	2001	2006	-	Sep	lastSat	2:00	0	-
2934Rule	Mongol	2002	2006	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
2935Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
2936Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Sep	lastSat	0:00	0	-
2937
2938# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2939# Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2940Zone	Asia/Hovd	6:06:36 -	LMT	1905 Aug
2941			6:00	-	+06	1978
2942			7:00	Mongol	+07/+08
2943# Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2944Zone	Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -	LMT	1905 Aug
2945			7:00	-	+07	1978
2946			8:00	Mongol	+08/+09
2947# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2948# Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2949Zone	Asia/Choibalsan	7:38:00 -	LMT	1905 Aug
2950			7:00	-	+07	1978
2951			8:00	-	+08	1983 Apr
2952			9:00	Mongol	+09/+10	2008 Mar 31
2953			8:00	Mongol	+08/+09
2954
2955# Nepal
2956# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2957Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
2958			5:30	-	+0530	1986
2959			5:45	-	+0545
2960
2961# Pakistan
2962
2963# From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2964# I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2965# TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2966# and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002.  This is what I was
2967# told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2968# 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2969
2970# From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2971# Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2972# http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2973# (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2974# advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2975# Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2976# 15th October each year".  This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2977# but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2978# it's not on a trial basis.  Also, the "between the first Saturday
2979# and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2980# transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2981
2982# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2983# DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2984# that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight.  Go with McDow for now.
2985
2986# From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2987# According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2988# there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2989#
2990# ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2991# Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2992# decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2993# one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2994#
2995# The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2996# shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2997
2998# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2999#
3000# Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
3001# on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
3002#
3003# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
3004# help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
3005# 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
3006#
3007# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
3008# http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\05\15\story_15-5-2008_pg1_4
3009
3010# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
3011# XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
3012
3013# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
3014# Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
3015# for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
3016# instead of August 31.
3017#
3018# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
3019# http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
3020
3021# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
3022# Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
3023# advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
3024# to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
3025# official working."
3026# http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
3027#
3028# recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
3029# introduce DST from April 15, 2009
3030#
3031# FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
3032# April 08, 2009
3033# Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
3034# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
3035# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
3036#
3037# ....
3038# The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
3039# advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
3040# conserve energy"
3041
3042# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
3043# "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
3044# Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
3045# clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
3046# this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
3047# this regard."
3048# http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
3049
3050# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
3051# According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
3052# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
3053# October 1, 2009.
3054#
3055# "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
3056# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
3057# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
3058#
3059# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
3060# Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
3061# http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
3062# "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
3063# Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
3064# Monday."
3065#
3066# And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
3067# "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
3068# on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
3069# obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
3070#
3071# We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
3072# Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
3073# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
3074
3075# From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
3076# [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
3077# will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
3078
3079# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
3080# Steffen Thorsen wrote:
3081# > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
3082# > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
3083# >
3084# > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
3085# > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
3086# > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
3087# > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
3088# Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
3089#
3090# "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
3091# http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
3092#
3093# "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
3094# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
3095
3096# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3097Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
3098Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
3099Rule Pakistan	2008	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
3100Rule Pakistan	2008	2009	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
3101Rule Pakistan	2009	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
3102
3103# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3104Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
3105			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Sep
3106			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
3107			5:30	-	+0530	1951 Sep 30
3108			5:00	-	+05	1971 Mar 26
3109			5:00 Pakistan	PK%sT	# Pakistan Time
3110
3111# Palestine
3112
3113# From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
3114#
3115# From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
3116# known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
3117# Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
3118#
3119# The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
3120# (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
3121# time zone was affected then).  It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
3122# though.
3123#
3124# The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
3125# annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
3126# the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
3127# Trans-Jordan").  So the rules for Jordan for that time apply.  Major
3128# towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
3129# East Jerusalem.
3130#
3131# Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
3132# for East Jerusalem).  They were on Israel time since then; there might
3133# have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
3134# of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
3135# time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
3136#
3137# The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
3138# towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995.  I know that in order to
3139# demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
3140# summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
3141# know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
3142# Jordanian one).
3143#
3144# To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
3145#
3146# Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
3147# ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
3148# Israel      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion
3149# West bank   | Zion      | Jordan    | Zion      | Jordan
3150# Gaza        | Zion      | Egypt     | Zion      | Jordan
3151#
3152# I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
3153# have one).
3154
3155# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
3156# Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
3157# with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
3158# and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
3159# We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
3160# the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
3161# occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
3162# However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
3163# for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
3164# to Palestine's rules.
3165
3166# From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
3167# forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
3168#
3169# Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
3170# last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
3171# one-hour forward at this time.  As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
3172# the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
3173
3174# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
3175# Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
3176# http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
3177# (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
3178# the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
3179# I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
3180# For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
3181# and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
3182
3183# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
3184# Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
3185
3186# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
3187# A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
3188# the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
3189# there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
3190# earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
3191
3192# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
3193# I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
3194# same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
3195# was informed that they started DST one day after Israel.  I was not
3196# able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
3197# Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
3198# the West Bank.
3199
3200# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
3201# according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
3202# http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
3203# > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
3204# > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday.  It is also time to turn
3205# > back the clocks for winter.  Friday will begin an hour late this week.
3206# I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
3207# because of the Ramadan.
3208
3209# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
3210# According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
3211# Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
3212
3213# From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
3214# My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
3215# the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
3216# surprised if they agreed about DST.  But for now, assume they agree.
3217# For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
3218# the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
3219
3220# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
3221# Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
3222#
3223# Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
3224# the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
3225#
3226# http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
3227# http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
3228# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
3229
3230# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
3231# According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
3232# government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
3233# 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
3234#
3235# (in Arabic)
3236# http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
3237#
3238# (English translation)
3239# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
3240
3241# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
3242# Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
3243# winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
3244#
3245# One news source:
3246# http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
3247# (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
3248# Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
3249# headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
3250# 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
3251# minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
3252#
3253# We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
3254# end date, we will keep this page updated:
3255# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
3256
3257# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
3258# Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
3259#
3260# According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
3261# to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
3262#
3263# "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
3264# (from Palestinian National Authority):
3265# http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
3266# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
3267
3268# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
3269# According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
3270# 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
3271# (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
3272#
3273# http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
3274# (in Arabic)
3275# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
3276
3277# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
3278# ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
3279# start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
3280# noon though:
3281#
3282# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
3283# (Ma'an News Agency)
3284# "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
3285# 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
3286
3287# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
3288# According to several sources, including
3289# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
3290# the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
3291# Gaza and the West Bank.
3292# Some more background info:
3293# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
3294
3295# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
3296# Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
3297# August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
3298# 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
3299# Ramadan.
3300#
3301# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
3302# Additional info:
3303# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
3304
3305# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
3306# According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
3307# "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
3308# move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
3309# Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
3310# The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
3311# the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
3312# ...
3313# https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
3314# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
3315# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
3316
3317# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
3318# West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
3319# 00:00).
3320# So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
3321#
3322# Many sources, including:
3323# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
3324
3325# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3326# Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
3327# on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
3328# Some of many sources in Arabic:
3329# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
3330#
3331# http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/بدء-التوقيت-الصيفي-بالضفة-وغزة-ليلة-الجمعة.html
3332#
3333# Our brief summary:
3334# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
3335
3336# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
3337# The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
3338# time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
3339# [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
3340# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
3341# http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/رام-الله-بدء-التوقيت-الصيفي-29-الجاري.html
3342
3343# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
3344# The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
3345# (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
3346# This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
3347# at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
3348# http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
3349# official source...:
3350# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
3351
3352# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
3353# Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
3354# and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
3355# start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
3356#
3357# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
3358# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
3359# says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
3360
3361# From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
3362# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
3363# [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
3364# saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
3365# 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
3366
3367# From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
3368# [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
3369# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
3370# states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
3371
3372# From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
3373# Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 ...
3374# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
3375
3376# From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
3377# http://pnn.ps/news/401130
3378# http://palweather.ps/ar/node/50136.html
3379#
3380# From Sharif Mustafa (2019-03-26):
3381# The Palestinian cabinet announced today that the switch to DST will
3382# be on Fri Mar 29th 2019 by advancing the clock by 60 minutes.
3383# http://palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e54e9ea1-50ee-4137-84df-0d6c78da259b
3384#
3385# From Even Scharning (2019-04-10):
3386# Our source in Palestine said it happened Friday 29 at 00:00 local time....
3387
3388# From Sharef Mustafa (2019-10-18):
3389# Palestine summer time will end on midnight Oct 26th 2019 ...
3390#
3391# From Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-20):
3392# Some sources such as these say, and display on clocks, that DST ended at
3393# midnight last year...
3394# https://www.amad.ps/ar/post/320006
3395#
3396# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-20):
3397# The report of the Palestinian Cabinet meeting of 2019-10-14 confirms
3398# a decision on (translated): "The start of the winter time in Palestine, by
3399# delaying the clock by sixty minutes, starting from midnight on Friday /
3400# Saturday corresponding to 26/10/2019."
3401# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/43948
3402
3403# From Sharef Mustafa (2020-10-20):
3404# As per the palestinian cabinet announcement yesterday , the day light saving
3405# shall [end] on Oct 24th 2020 at 01:00AM by delaying the clock by 60 minutes.
3406# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/Meeting/Details/51584
3407
3408# From Pierre Cashon (2020-10-20):
3409# The summer time this year started on March 28 at 00:00.
3410# https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=GveQNZa872839351758aGveQNZ
3411# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/50284
3412# The winter time in 2015 started on October 23 at 01:00.
3413# https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=CgpCdYa670694628582aCgpCdY
3414# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/27583
3415
3416# From P Chan (2021-10-18):
3417# http://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/34701
3418# Palestine winter time will start from midnight 2021-10-29 (Thursday-Friday).
3419#
3420# From Heba Hemad, Palestine Ministry of Telecom & IT (2021-10-20):
3421# ... winter time will begin in Palestine from Friday 10-29, 01:00 AM
3422# by 60 minutes backwards.
3423#
3424# From Tim Parenti (2021-10-25), per Paul Eggert (2021-10-24):
3425# Guess future fall transitions at 01:00 on the Friday preceding October's
3426# last Sunday (i.e., Fri>=23), as this is more consistent with recent practice.
3427
3428# From Heba Hamad (2022-03-10):
3429# summer time will begin in Palestine from Sunday 03-27-2022, 00:00 AM.
3430
3431# From Heba Hamad (2022-08-30):
3432# winter time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 10-29, 02:00 AM by
3433# 60 minutes backwards.  Also the state of Palestine adopted the summer
3434# and winter time for the years: 2023,2024,2025,2026 ...
3435# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/attachments/20220830/9f024566/Time-0001.pdf
3436# (2022-08-31): ... the Saturday before the last Sunday in March and October
3437# at 2:00 AM ,for the years from 2023 to 2026.
3438# (2022-09-05): https://mtit.pna.ps/Site/New/1453
3439
3440# From Heba Hamad (2023-03-22):
3441# ... summer time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 04-29-2023,
3442# 02:00 AM by 60 minutes forward.
3443# From Heba Hemad (2023-10-09):
3444# ... winter time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 10-28-2023,
3445# 02:00 AM by 60 minutes back.
3446#
3447# From Heba Hamad (2024-01-25):
3448# the summer time for the years 2024,2025 will begin in Palestine
3449# from Saturday at 02:00 AM by 60 minutes forward as shown below:
3450# year date
3451# 2024 2024-04-20
3452# 2025 2025-04-12
3453#
3454# From Paul Eggert (2024-01-25):
3455# For now, guess that spring and fall transitions will normally
3456# continue to use 2022's rules, that during DST Palestine will switch
3457# to standard time at 02:00 the last Saturday before Ramadan and back
3458# to DST at 02:00 the second Saturday after Ramadan, and that
3459# if the normal spring-forward or fall-back transition occurs during
3460# Ramadan the former is delayed and the latter advanced.
3461# To implement this, I predicted Ramadan-oriented transition dates for
3462# 2026 through 2086 by running the following program under GNU Emacs 29.2,
3463# with the results integrated by hand into the table below.
3464# Predictions after 2086 are approximated without Ramadan.
3465#
3466# (let ((islamic-year 1447))
3467#   (require 'cal-islam)
3468#   (while (< islamic-year 1510)
3469#     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
3470#           (b (+ 1 (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year))))
3471#           (saturday 6))
3472#       (while (/= saturday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
3473#       (while (/= saturday (mod b 7))
3474#         (setq b (1+ b)))
3475#       (setq b (+ 7 b))
3476#       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
3477#       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
3478#       (insert
3479#        (format
3480#         (concat "Rule Palestine\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t2:00\t0\t-\n"
3481#                 "Rule Palestine\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t2:00\t1:00\tS\n")
3482#         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
3483#         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
3484#     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
3485
3486# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3487Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
3488Rule EgyptAsia	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3489Rule EgyptAsia	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3490Rule EgyptAsia	1959	1967	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
3491Rule EgyptAsia	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-
3492Rule EgyptAsia	1966	only	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-
3493
3494Rule Palestine	1999	2005	-	Apr	Fri>=15	0:00	1:00	S
3495Rule Palestine	1999	2003	-	Oct	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
3496Rule Palestine	2004	only	-	Oct	 1	1:00	0	-
3497Rule Palestine	2005	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
3498Rule Palestine	2006	2007	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3499Rule Palestine	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
3500Rule Palestine	2007	only	-	Sep	13	2:00	0	-
3501Rule Palestine	2008	2009	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
3502Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
3503Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	 4	1:00	0	-
3504Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
3505Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
3506Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	0:01	1:00	S
3507Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
3508Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	30	0:00	1:00	S
3509Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
3510Rule Palestine	2012	2014	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
3511Rule Palestine	2012	only	-	Sep	21	1:00	0	-
3512Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
3513Rule Palestine	2014	only	-	Oct	24	0:00	0	-
3514Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
3515Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Oct	23	1:00	0	-
3516Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Mar	Sat<=30	1:00	1:00	S
3517Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Oct	Sat<=30	1:00	0	-
3518Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Mar	29	0:00	1:00	S
3519Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Oct	Sat<=30	0:00	0	-
3520Rule Palestine	2020	2021	-	Mar	Sat<=30	0:00	1:00	S
3521Rule Palestine	2020	only	-	Oct	24	1:00	0	-
3522Rule Palestine	2021	only	-	Oct	29	1:00	0	-
3523Rule Palestine	2022	only	-	Mar	27	0:00	1:00	S
3524Rule Palestine	2022	2035	-	Oct	Sat<=30	2:00	0	-
3525Rule Palestine	2023	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	1:00	S
3526Rule Palestine	2024	only	-	Apr	20	2:00	1:00	S
3527Rule Palestine	2025	only	-	Apr	12	2:00	1:00	S
3528Rule Palestine	2026	2054	-	Mar	Sat<=30	2:00	1:00	S
3529Rule Palestine	2036	only	-	Oct	18	2:00	0	-
3530Rule Palestine	2037	only	-	Oct	10	2:00	0	-
3531Rule Palestine	2038	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	-
3532Rule Palestine	2039	only	-	Sep	17	2:00	0	-
3533Rule Palestine	2040	only	-	Sep	 1	2:00	0	-
3534Rule Palestine	2040	only	-	Oct	20	2:00	1:00	S
3535Rule Palestine	2040	2067	-	Oct	Sat<=30	2:00	0	-
3536Rule Palestine	2041	only	-	Aug	24	2:00	0	-
3537Rule Palestine	2041	only	-	Oct	 5	2:00	1:00	S
3538Rule Palestine	2042	only	-	Aug	16	2:00	0	-
3539Rule Palestine	2042	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	S
3540Rule Palestine	2043	only	-	Aug	 1	2:00	0	-
3541Rule Palestine	2043	only	-	Sep	19	2:00	1:00	S
3542Rule Palestine	2044	only	-	Jul	23	2:00	0	-
3543Rule Palestine	2044	only	-	Sep	 3	2:00	1:00	S
3544Rule Palestine	2045	only	-	Jul	15	2:00	0	-
3545Rule Palestine	2045	only	-	Aug	26	2:00	1:00	S
3546Rule Palestine	2046	only	-	Jun	30	2:00	0	-
3547Rule Palestine	2046	only	-	Aug	18	2:00	1:00	S
3548Rule Palestine	2047	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	0	-
3549Rule Palestine	2047	only	-	Aug	 3	2:00	1:00	S
3550Rule Palestine	2048	only	-	Jun	 6	2:00	0	-
3551Rule Palestine	2048	only	-	Jul	25	2:00	1:00	S
3552Rule Palestine	2049	only	-	May	29	2:00	0	-
3553Rule Palestine	2049	only	-	Jul	10	2:00	1:00	S
3554Rule Palestine	2050	only	-	May	21	2:00	0	-
3555Rule Palestine	2050	only	-	Jul	 2	2:00	1:00	S
3556Rule Palestine	2051	only	-	May	 6	2:00	0	-
3557Rule Palestine	2051	only	-	Jun	24	2:00	1:00	S
3558Rule Palestine	2052	only	-	Apr	27	2:00	0	-
3559Rule Palestine	2052	only	-	Jun	 8	2:00	1:00	S
3560Rule Palestine	2053	only	-	Apr	12	2:00	0	-
3561Rule Palestine	2053	only	-	May	31	2:00	1:00	S
3562Rule Palestine	2054	only	-	Apr	 4	2:00	0	-
3563Rule Palestine	2054	only	-	May	23	2:00	1:00	S
3564Rule Palestine	2055	only	-	May	 8	2:00	1:00	S
3565Rule Palestine	2056	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	1:00	S
3566Rule Palestine	2057	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	S
3567Rule Palestine	2058	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00	1:00	S
3568Rule Palestine	2059	max	-	Mar	Sat<=30	2:00	1:00	S
3569Rule Palestine	2068	only	-	Oct	20	2:00	0	-
3570Rule Palestine	2069	only	-	Oct	12	2:00	0	-
3571Rule Palestine	2070	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
3572Rule Palestine	2071	only	-	Sep	19	2:00	0	-
3573Rule Palestine	2072	only	-	Sep	10	2:00	0	-
3574Rule Palestine	2072	only	-	Oct	22	2:00	1:00	S
3575Rule Palestine	2072	max	-	Oct	Sat<=30	2:00	0	-
3576Rule Palestine	2073	only	-	Sep	 2	2:00	0	-
3577Rule Palestine	2073	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
3578Rule Palestine	2074	only	-	Aug	18	2:00	0	-
3579Rule Palestine	2074	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00	1:00	S
3580Rule Palestine	2075	only	-	Aug	10	2:00	0	-
3581Rule Palestine	2075	only	-	Sep	21	2:00	1:00	S
3582Rule Palestine	2076	only	-	Jul	25	2:00	0	-
3583Rule Palestine	2076	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	1:00	S
3584Rule Palestine	2077	only	-	Jul	17	2:00	0	-
3585Rule Palestine	2077	only	-	Sep	 4	2:00	1:00	S
3586Rule Palestine	2078	only	-	Jul	 9	2:00	0	-
3587Rule Palestine	2078	only	-	Aug	20	2:00	1:00	S
3588Rule Palestine	2079	only	-	Jun	24	2:00	0	-
3589Rule Palestine	2079	only	-	Aug	12	2:00	1:00	S
3590Rule Palestine	2080	only	-	Jun	15	2:00	0	-
3591Rule Palestine	2080	only	-	Jul	27	2:00	1:00	S
3592Rule Palestine	2081	only	-	Jun	 7	2:00	0	-
3593Rule Palestine	2081	only	-	Jul	19	2:00	1:00	S
3594Rule Palestine	2082	only	-	May	23	2:00	0	-
3595Rule Palestine	2082	only	-	Jul	11	2:00	1:00	S
3596Rule Palestine	2083	only	-	May	15	2:00	0	-
3597Rule Palestine	2083	only	-	Jun	26	2:00	1:00	S
3598Rule Palestine	2084	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	0	-
3599Rule Palestine	2084	only	-	Jun	17	2:00	1:00	S
3600Rule Palestine	2085	only	-	Apr	21	2:00	0	-
3601Rule Palestine	2085	only	-	Jun	 9	2:00	1:00	S
3602Rule Palestine	2086	only	-	Apr	13	2:00	0	-
3603Rule Palestine	2086	only	-	May	25	2:00	1:00	S
3604
3605# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3606Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
3607			2:00	Zion	EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3608			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
3609			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
3610			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
3611			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug 29  0:00
3612			2:00	-	EET	2008 Sep
3613			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2010
3614			2:00	-	EET	2010 Mar 27  0:01
3615			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Aug  1
3616			2:00	-	EET	2012
3617			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
3618
3619Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
3620			2:00	Zion	EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3621			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
3622			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
3623			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
3624			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
3625
3626# Paracel Is
3627# no information
3628
3629# Philippines
3630
3631# From Paul Eggert (2024-01-21):
3632# The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
3633# It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
3634# 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
3635# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
3636# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
3637# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
3638# History of the International Date Line
3639# https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
3640# The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
3641
3642# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
3643# ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
3644# http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
3645# [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
3646# but no details]
3647
3648# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
3649# The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
3650# March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
3651# during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
3652# Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
3653# Philippine Star 2014-08-05
3654# http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
3655
3656# From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
3657# In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
3658# which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
3659# The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
3660# the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
3661# it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
3662# [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
3663# [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
3664#
3665# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
3666# I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
3667# more popular among reliable English-language news sources.  This is
3668# not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
3669# influence of the sources.  There is no current abbreviation for DST,
3670# so use "PDT", the usual American style.
3671
3672# From P Chan (2021-05-10):
3673# Here's a fairly comprehensive article in Japanese:
3674# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/Philippine%20Time
3675# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-10):
3676# The info in the Japanese table has not been absorbed (yet) below.
3677
3678# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3679Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	D
3680Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	S
3681Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Apr	12	0:00	1:00	D
3682Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	0	S
3683Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
3684Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
3685# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3686Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
3687			8:04:00 -	LMT	1899 May 11
3688			8:00	Phil	P%sT	1942 May
3689			9:00	-	JST	1944 Nov
3690			8:00	Phil	P%sT
3691
3692# Bahrain
3693# Qatar
3694# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3695Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
3696			4:00	-	+04	1972 Jun
3697			3:00	-	+03
3698
3699# Kuwait
3700# Saudi Arabia
3701# Yemen
3702#
3703# Japan's year-round bases in Antarctica match this since 1970.
3704#
3705# From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
3706# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
3707# standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
3708# has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
3709# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
3710# observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3711# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3712# o'clock for "Arab" time).
3713#
3714# Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3715# Arabia you were in.  In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3716# practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3717# which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3718# the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3719# instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3720# used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3721# Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3722# (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.)  Antar writes,
3723# "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3724# station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3725# assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3726# shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3727# going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did."  See:
3728# Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3729# http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3730# Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
3731# Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
3732#
3733# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3734# we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3735# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3736# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3737# Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3738# earlier date.
3739#
3740# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3741# time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3742# the country.  Presumably this is documenting airline time.  Ignore this,
3743# as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3744#
3745# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3746Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1947 Mar 14
3747			3:00	-	+03
3748
3749# Singapore
3750# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
3751# https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
3752# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3753Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
3754			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
3755			7:00	-	+07	1933 Jan  1
3756			7:00	0:20	+0720	1936 Jan  1
3757			7:20	-	+0720	1941 Sep  1
3758			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Feb 16
3759			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
3760			7:30	-	+0730	1981 Dec 31 16:00u
3761			8:00	-	+08
3762
3763# Spratly Is
3764# no information
3765
3766# Sri Lanka
3767
3768# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
3769# Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898.  Prior to this Colombo
3770# mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used."  But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
3771# from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
3772# Shanks and Pottenger.
3773
3774# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
3775# "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
3776# (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
3777# no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
3778# reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
3779# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
3780#
3781# From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
3782# by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
3783# <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
3784# With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
3785# Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
3786
3787# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
3788# <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
3789# 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
3790# at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
3791
3792# From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
3793# http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
3794# [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
3795# kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
3796# Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
3797# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
3798# People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
3799# as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
3800
3801# From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
3802# According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
3803# Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
3804# standard time is SLST.
3805#
3806# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
3807# "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely used outside time
3808# zone nerd sources.  I searched Google News and found three uses of
3809# it in the International Business Times of India in February and
3810# March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
3811# since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
3812# other English-language news sources.  Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
3813# even worse.  For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
3814# switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
3815
3816# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3817Zone	Asia/Colombo	5:19:24 -	LMT	1880
3818			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906        # Moratuwa Mean Time
3819			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Jan  5
3820			5:30	0:30	+06	1942 Sep
3821			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 16  2:00
3822			5:30	-	+0530	1996 May 25  0:00
3823			6:30	-	+0630	1996 Oct 26  0:30
3824			6:00	-	+06	2006 Apr 15  0:30
3825			5:30	-	+0530
3826
3827# Syria
3828# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3829Rule	Syria	1920	1923	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
3830Rule	Syria	1920	1923	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
3831Rule	Syria	1962	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	1:00	S
3832Rule	Syria	1962	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
3833Rule	Syria	1963	1965	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	S
3834Rule	Syria	1963	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
3835Rule	Syria	1964	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
3836Rule	Syria	1965	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
3837Rule	Syria	1966	only	-	Apr	24	2:00	1:00	S
3838Rule	Syria	1966	1976	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
3839Rule	Syria	1967	1978	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	S
3840Rule	Syria	1977	1978	-	Sep	1	2:00	0	-
3841Rule	Syria	1983	1984	-	Apr	9	2:00	1:00	S
3842Rule	Syria	1983	1984	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
3843Rule	Syria	1986	only	-	Feb	16	2:00	1:00	S
3844Rule	Syria	1986	only	-	Oct	9	2:00	0	-
3845Rule	Syria	1987	only	-	Mar	1	2:00	1:00	S
3846Rule	Syria	1987	1988	-	Oct	31	2:00	0	-
3847Rule	Syria	1988	only	-	Mar	15	2:00	1:00	S
3848Rule	Syria	1989	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
3849Rule	Syria	1989	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
3850Rule	Syria	1990	only	-	Apr	1	2:00	1:00	S
3851Rule	Syria	1990	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
3852Rule	Syria	1991	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3853Rule	Syria	1991	1992	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3854Rule	Syria	1992	only	-	Apr	 8	0:00	1:00	S
3855Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
3856Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
3857# IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
3858# (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
3859# 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
3860# (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
3861# for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
3862# except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
3863Rule	Syria	1994	1996	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3864Rule	Syria	1994	2005	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3865Rule	Syria	1997	1998	-	Mar	lastMon	0:00	1:00	S
3866Rule	Syria	1999	2006	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3867# From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
3868# According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
3869# this year [only]....  This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
3870Rule	Syria	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
3871# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
3872# Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
3873# http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
3874Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
3875# From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
3876# The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
3877# not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
3878# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
3879# having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
3880# weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
3881# it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
3882#
3883# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
3884# Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
3885#
3886# > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
3887# > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
3888#
3889# I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
3890# http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
3891#
3892# which using Google's translate tools says:
3893# Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
3894# identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
3895# minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
3896Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
3897
3898# From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
3899# For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
3900# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
3901# Country     Time Standard   --- DST Start ---   --- DST End ---  DST
3902# Name        Zone Variation   Time    Date        Time    Date
3903# Variation
3904# Syrian Arab
3905# Republic    SY    +0200      2200  03APR08       2100  30SEP08   +0300
3906#                              2200  02APR09       2100  30SEP09   +0300
3907#                              2200  01APR10       2100  30SEP10   +0300
3908
3909# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
3910# Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
3911# Agency (SANA)...
3912# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
3913# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
3914# Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
3915# 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
3916# Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
3917# shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
3918
3919# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3920# My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
3921# coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
3922# compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
3923# For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
3924
3925# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
3926# Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
3927# according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
3928#
3929# The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
3930# winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
3931# clocks back 60 minutes).
3932#
3933# http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
3934
3935# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
3936# Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
3937# two examples:
3938#
3939# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
3940# (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
3941# http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
3942# (Arabic, gov-site)
3943#
3944# We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
3945#
3946# Our summary
3947# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
3948
3949# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
3950# The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
3951# revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
3952# 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
3953# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
3954
3955# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
3956# We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
3957# Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
3958# something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
3959
3960# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
3961# The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
3962# Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
3963# 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
3964# http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
3965
3966# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3967# Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
3968# (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
3969#
3970# From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
3971# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
3972#
3973# Our brief summary:
3974# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
3975
3976# From Steffen Thorsen (2022-10-05):
3977# Syria is adopting year-round DST, starting this autumn....
3978# From https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/607812
3979# "This [the decision] came after the weekly government meeting today,
3980# Tuesday 4 October ..."
3981#
3982# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):
3983# Like Jordan, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
3984# (non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.
3985
3986Rule	Syria	2008	only	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
3987Rule	Syria	2008	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
3988Rule	Syria	2009	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
3989Rule	Syria	2010	2011	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
3990Rule	Syria	2012	2022	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
3991Rule	Syria	2009	2022	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00	0	-
3992
3993# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3994Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920 # Dimashq
3995			2:00	Syria	EE%sT	2022 Oct 28 0:00
3996			3:00	-	+03
3997
3998# Tajikistan
3999# From Shanks & Pottenger.
4000# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
4001Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
4002			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
4003			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
4004			5:00	1:00	+06	1991 Sep  9  2:00s
4005			5:00	-	+05
4006
4007# Cambodia
4008# Christmas I
4009# Laos
4010# Thailand
4011# Vietnam (northern)
4012# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
4013Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
4014			6:42:04	-	BMT	1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
4015			7:00	-	+07
4016
4017# Turkmenistan
4018# From Shanks & Pottenger.
4019# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
4020Zone	Asia/Ashgabat	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
4021			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
4022			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00
4023			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00
4024			5:00	-	+05
4025
4026# Oman
4027# Réunion
4028# Seychelles
4029# United Arab Emirates
4030#
4031# The Crozet Is also observe Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
4032# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
4033Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
4034			4:00	-	+04
4035
4036# Uzbekistan
4037# Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
4038# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
4039Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:53 -	LMT	1924 May  2
4040			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
4041			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
4042			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
4043			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
4044			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
4045			5:00	-	+05
4046# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8.
4047		#STDOFF	4:37:10.8
4048Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:11 -	LMT	1924 May  2
4049			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
4050			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00
4051			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
4052			5:00	-	+05
4053
4054# Vietnam (southern)
4055
4056# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
4057# Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
4058# used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
4059# from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
4060# and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
4061
4062# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
4063# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
4064# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
4065
4066# From Paul Eggert (2024-01-14) after a 2014 heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân
4067# and a 2024-01-14 heads-up from Đoàn Trần Công Danh:
4068# Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
4069# (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
4070# is quoted verbatim in:
4071# http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
4072# is translated by Brian Inglis in:
4073# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
4074# and is the basis for the information below.
4075#
4076# The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
4077# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
4078# It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
4079# the Paris Meridian; for now guess the former and round the exact
4080# 07:06:30.1333... to 07:06:30.13 as the legal spec used 66 2/3 ms precision.
4081# which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
4082# is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
4083#
4084# The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
4085# and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
4086# To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
4087# To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
4088# To 09:00 on 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
4089# To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
4090# To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
4091# To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
4092# To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
4093# To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
4094#
4095# Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
4096#
4097#   Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
4098#   No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
4099#
4100#   Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
4101#   NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
4102#
4103#   Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
4104#   NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
4105#
4106# Here is the decision for the September 1945 transition:
4107# Võ Nguyên Giáp, Việt Nam Dân Quốc Công Báo, No. 1 (1945-09-29), page 13
4108# http://baochi.nlv.gov.vn/baochi/cgi-bin/baochi?a=d&d=JwvzO19450929.2.5&dliv=none
4109# It says that on 1945-09-01 at 24:00, Vietnam moved back two hours, to +07.
4110# It also mentions a 1945-03-29 decree (by a Japanese Goveror-General)
4111# to set the time zone to +09, but does not say whether that decree
4112# merely legalized an earlier change to +09.
4113#
4114# July 1955 transition:
4115# Ngô Đình Diệm, Công Báo Việt Nam, No. 92 (1955-07-02), page 1780-1781
4116# Ordinance (Dụ) No. 46 (1955-06-25)
4117# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/32341#?c=0&m=29&s=0&cv=4&r=0&xywh=-89%2C342%2C1724%2C1216
4118# It says that on 1955-07-01 at 01:00, South Vietnam moved back 1 hour (to +07).
4119#
4120# December 1959 transition:
4121# Ngô Đình Diệm, Công Báo Việt Nam Cộng Hòa, 1960 part 1 (1960-01-02), page 62
4122# Decree (Sắc lệnh) No. 362-TTP (1959-12-30)
4123# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/32341#?c=0&m=138&s=0&cv=793&r=0&xywh=-54%2C1504%2C1705%2C1202
4124# It says that on 1959-12-31 at 23:00, South Vietnam moved forward 1 hour (to +08).
4125
4126
4127# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
4128		#STDOFF	7:06:30.13
4129Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:30 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
4130			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1 # Phù Liễn MT
4131			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
4132			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
4133			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  1 24:00
4134			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
4135			8:00	-	+08	1955 Jul  1 01:00
4136			7:00	-	+07	1959 Dec 31 23:00
4137			8:00	-	+08	1975 Jun 13
4138			7:00	-	+07
4139
4140# From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19):
4141#
4142# The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of
4143# Vietnam since 1975-06-13.  Presumably clocks often changed in south Vietnam
4144# in the early 1970s as locations changed hands during the war; however the
4145# details are unknown and would likely be too voluminous for this database.
4146#
4147# For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff),
4148# use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab.
4149# For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'.
4150