xref: /illumos-gate/usr/src/data/zoneinfo/europe (revision 503609a9)
1# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3
4# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
7# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
8
9# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
10#
11# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
15#
16# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
17# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
18# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
20# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
21# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
22#
23# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
24# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
25#
26# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
27# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
28#
29# Other sources occasionally used include:
30#
31#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
32#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
33#	which I found in the UCLA library.
34#
35#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
36#	<http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
37#	[PDF] (1914-03)
38#
39#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
40#	<http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
41#	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
42#	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
43#	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
44#
45#	Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
46#	This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
47#	http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
48#	The full Russian citation is:
49#	Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
50#	введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
51#	июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
52#	Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
53#	http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
54#
55#	Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
56#	History of Summer Time
57#	<http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
58#	(1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
59
60#
61# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
62# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
63# Corrections are welcome!
64#                   std dst  2dst
65#                   LMT           Local Mean Time
66#       -4:00       AST ADT       Atlantic
67#       -3:00       WGT WGST      Western Greenland*
68#       -1:00       EGT EGST      Eastern Greenland*
69#        0:00       GMT BST  BDST Greenwich, British Summer
70#        0:00       GMT IST       Greenwich, Irish Summer
71#        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
72#        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
73#        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
74#        1:00       BST           British Standard (1968-1971)
75#        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
76#        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
77#        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
78#        3:00       MSK MSD       Moscow
79
80# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
81# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
82# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
83# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
84# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
85# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
86# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
87# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
88# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
89# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
90# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
91# ...
92# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
93# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
94# ...
95# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
96# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
97# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
98# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
99# in the Directive.
100
101
102###############################################################################
103
104# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
105
106# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
107#
108# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
109# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
110# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
111# of the text said:
112#
113# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
114# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
115# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
116# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
117# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
118# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
119# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
120#
121# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
122# position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
123# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
124#
125# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
126
127# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
128#
129# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
130# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
131# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
132# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
133# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
134# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
135# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
136# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
137# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
138# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
139# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
140# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
141# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
142# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
143# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
144# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
145# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
146# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
147# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
148# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
149#
150# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
151# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
152# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
153
154# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
155# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
156# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
157# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
158# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
159# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
160# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
161# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
162# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
163# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
164# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
165# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
166# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
167# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
168#
169# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
170# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
171# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
172# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
173# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
174# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
175# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
176# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
177# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
178# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
179# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
180# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
181# subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
182# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
183# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
184
185# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
186# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
187# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
188# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
189# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
190# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
191#	-- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
192#	republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
193#	http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
194
195# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
196# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
197# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
198# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
199# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
200# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
201# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
202# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
203
204# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
205# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
206# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
207
208# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
209# From: Jonathan Leffler
210# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
211# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
212# politics making a fortune, not computing.
213
214# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
215# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
216# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
217# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
218# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
219
220# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
221# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
222# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
223# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
224
225# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
226# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
227# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
228# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
229# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
230# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
231# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
232# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
233
234# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
235# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
236# which is to be introduced in May....
237# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
238# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
239
240# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
241# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
242# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
243# so we use 'BDST'.
244
245# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
246# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
247# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
248# and extending this list, which can be found in
249# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
250
251# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
252#
253# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
254# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
255# http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
256# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
257
258# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
259#
260# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
261#
262# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
263# are incorrect:
264#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
265#	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
266# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
267#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
268# It actually just had one transition.
269#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
270# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
271#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
272# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
273# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
274#
275# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
276#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
277#	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
278#	conform with Great Britain.
279# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
280#
281# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
282# we'll ignore it for now.
283#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
284#
285#
286# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
287# Shanks & Pottenger.
288# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
289# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
290# to London.  For example:
291#
292#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
293#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
294
295# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
296# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
297# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
298# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
299# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
300# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
301# http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
302
303# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
304# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
305# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
306#
307# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
308#
309# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
310# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
311#
312# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
313# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
314# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
315#
316# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
317# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
318# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
319#
320# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
321# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
322#
323# (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
324# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
325# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
326#
327# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
328# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
329# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
330# being GMT+1.)
331
332# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
333# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
334# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
335# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
336# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
337# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
338# and Frethun run in CT.
339# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
340# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
341# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
342# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
343# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
344# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
345
346# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
347# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
348# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
349# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
350# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
351# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
352# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
353
354# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
355# Summer Time Act, 1916
356Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
357Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
358# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
359Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
360Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
361# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
362Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
363Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
364# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
365Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
366Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
367# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
368Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
369# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
370Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
371# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
372Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
373Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
374# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
375Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
376Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
377# The Summer Time Act, 1922
378Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
379Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
380Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
381Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
382# The Summer Time Act, 1925
383Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
384Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
385Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
386Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
387Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
388Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
389Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
390Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
391Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
392Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
393Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
394# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
395Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
396# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
397Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST
398# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
399Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
400Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
401# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
402Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
403# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
404Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
405# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
406Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
407Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
408# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
409Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
410Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
411# The Summer Time Act, 1947
412Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
413Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
414Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
415Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
416# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
417Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
418Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT
419# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
420Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
421Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT
422# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
423# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
424# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
425Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
426Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
427# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
428Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
429Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
430Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
431Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
432Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
433Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
434Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
435# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
436# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
437# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
438Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
439Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
440# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
441# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
442# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
443Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
444# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
445Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
446# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
447#	(no summer time)
448# The Summer Time Act, 1972
449Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
450Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
451# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
452# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
453# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
454# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
455Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
456Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
457# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
458# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
459# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
460Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
461# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
462# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
463#
464# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
465
466# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
467Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1  0:00s
468			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
469			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
470			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
471			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
472Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
473Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
474Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
475
476# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
477Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
478			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00
479			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
480			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
481			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00
482			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00
483			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00
484			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00
485			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00
486			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
487			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
488			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
489			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
490
491###############################################################################
492
493# Europe
494
495# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
496# Common Market, etc.
497
498# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
499Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
500Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
501Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
502Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
503Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
504Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
505# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
506# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
507# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
508# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
509
510# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
511Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
512Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
513Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
514Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
515Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
516Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
517
518# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
519# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
520Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
521Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
522Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
523Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
524Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
525Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
526Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
527Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
528Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
529# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
530Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
531# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
532#
533# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
534# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
535# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
536# tz database itself, as seen below:
537#
538# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
539#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
540#
541# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
542#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
543#
544# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
545#    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
546#
547# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
548# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
549# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
550#
551# The rule line to be changed is:
552#
553# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
554#
555# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
556# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
557# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
558# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
559# CET and MET:
560#
561# Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
562# Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
563#
564# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
565#
566# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
567#
568# A small step for mankind though 8-)
569Rule	C-Eur	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
570Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
571Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
572Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
573Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
574Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
575Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
576
577# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
578Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
579Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
580Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
581Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
582Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
583Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
584
585
586# Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
587#
588# The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
589
590# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
591Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST  # Moscow Summer Time
592#
593# Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
594Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
595#
596# Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
597Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
598Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
599#
600# Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
601Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
602#
603Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 0:00u	1:00	MSD
604Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	MSK
605#
606# Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
607Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	MSD
608#
609# Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
610Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	+05
611#
612Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	MSD
613Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
614# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
615Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
616Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
617# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
618# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
619Rule	Russia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
620Rule	Russia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
621#
622Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
623# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
624
625# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
626# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
627# Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
628# Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
629#
630# I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
631# title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
632# "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
633# Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
634# Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
635# And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
636# contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
637# of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
638# oblasts.  Since last Sunday of March 1989:
639# a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
640# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
641# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
642# rules (Moscow time)
643# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
644
645# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
646# Unamended version of the act of the
647# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
648# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
649# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
650# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
651# at 3 hours.  It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
652
653# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
654# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
655# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
656# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
657#
658# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
659# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
660#
661# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
662# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
663
664# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
665# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
666# to be standard.
667
668# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
669
670# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
671Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
672Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
673Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
674Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
675
676# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
677# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
678
679# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
680# The official German names ... are
681#
682#	Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
683#	Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
684#
685# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
686# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
687# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
688#
689#	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
690#	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
691#	Postfach 3345
692#	D-38023 Braunschweig
693#	phone: +49 531 592-0
694#
695# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
696# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
697# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
698#
699#	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
700#	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
701
702
703# Albania
704# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
705Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
706Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
707Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
708Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
709Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
710Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
711Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
712Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
713Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
714Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
715Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
716Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
717Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
718Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
719Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
720Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
721Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
722Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
723Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
724Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
725Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
726Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
727Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
728Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
729Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
730# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
731Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
732			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
733			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
734			1:00	EU	CE%sT
735
736# Andorra
737# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
738Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
739			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
740			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31  2:00
741			1:00	EU	CE%sT
742
743# Austria
744
745# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
746
747# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
748# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
749# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
750# date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
751# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
752# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
753
754# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
755Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
756Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
757Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
758Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
759Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
760Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
761Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
762Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
763# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
764Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
765			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
766			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1  2:00s
767			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
768			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12  2:00s
769			1:00	-	CET	1946
770			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
771			1:00	EU	CE%sT
772
773# Belarus
774#
775# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
776# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
777# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
778# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
779# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
780# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
781#
782# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
783# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
784# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
785#
786# Sources (Russian language):
787# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
788# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
789# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
790#
791# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
792# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
793# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
794#
795# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
796Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
797			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
798			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
799			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
800			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
801			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
802			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
803			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
804			3:00	-	+03
805
806# Belgium
807#
808# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
809# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
810#	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
811#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
812#	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
813#	pp 8-9.
814# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
815#	Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
816# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
817# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
818# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
819#
820# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
821Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
822Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
823Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
824Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
825Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
826Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
827Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
828Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
829Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
830Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
831Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
832Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
833# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
834# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
835# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
836# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
837Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
838Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
839Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
840Rule	Belgium	1928	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
841Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
842Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
843Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
844Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
845Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
846Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
847Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
848Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
849Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
850Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
851Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
852Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
853Rule	Belgium	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	S
854Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
855Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
856Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
857Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
858Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
859# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
860Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
861			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00  # Brussels MT
862			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
863			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
864			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
865			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
866			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
867			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
868			1:00	EU	CE%sT
869
870# Bosnia and Herzegovina
871# See Europe/Belgrade.
872
873# Bulgaria
874#
875# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
876# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
877# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
878# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
879#
880# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
881Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
882Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
883Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00	1:00	S
884Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
885Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
886# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
887Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
888			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
889			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
890			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
891			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr  2  3:00
892			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
893			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  3:00
894			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
895			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
896			2:00	EU	EE%sT
897
898# Croatia
899# See Europe/Belgrade.
900
901# Cyprus
902# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
903
904# Czech Republic
905# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
906Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
907Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
908Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
909Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
910Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
911Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
912Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
913# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
914Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
915			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
916			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17  2:00s
917			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
918			1:00	EU	CE%sT
919# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
920
921# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
922
923# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
924# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
925# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
926# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
927# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
928#
929# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
930# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
931#
932# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
933# in subsequent decrees with the law
934# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
935#
936# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
937# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
938# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
939# 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
940# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
941# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
942# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
943# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
944# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
945# was suspended on that night):
946# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
947
948# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
949# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
950# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
951
952# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
953# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
954# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
955
956# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
957Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
958Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
959Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
960Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
961Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
962Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
963Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
964Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
965Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
966Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
967Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
968#
969# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
970Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
971			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
972			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
973			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
974			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
975			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
976Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
977			 0:00	-	WET	1981
978			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
979#
980# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
981# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
982# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
983# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
984#
985# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
986# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
987# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
988# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
989# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
990# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
991
992# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
993# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
994# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
995#
996# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
997# is according to the following time line:
998#
999# The military zone near Thule	UTC-4
1000# Standard Greenland time	UTC-3
1001# Scoresbysund			UTC-1
1002# Danmarkshavn			UTC
1003#
1004# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1005# introduced.
1006
1007# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1008#
1009# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1010# the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
1011# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
1012# info from earlier correspondence.]
1013#
1014# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1015# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1016# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1017#
1018# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1019# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1020# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1021# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1022# email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1023# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1024# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1025#
1026# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1027# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1028#
1029# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1030# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1031# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1032#
1033# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1034# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1035# maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
1036# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
1037# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1038
1039# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1040# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1041# there at 2:00 AM.
1042
1043# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1044# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1045# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1046# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1047# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1048# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1049# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1050
1051# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1052# "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1053# "National Park" by Executive Order:
1054# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1055# It is their only National Park.
1056#
1057# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1058Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1059Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
1060Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
1061Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
1062Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
1063Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
1064#
1065# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1066Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
1067			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
1068			-3:00	EU	WG%sT	1996
1069			0:00	-	GMT
1070Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1071			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
1072			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
1073			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
1074Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1075			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
1076			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
1077Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1078			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
1079
1080# Estonia
1081#
1082# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1083# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1084#
1085# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1086# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1087# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1088# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1089#
1090# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1091# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1092# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1093# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1094# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1095# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1096# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1097# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1098# summer time next spring."
1099
1100# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1101# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1102# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1103# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1104# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1105#
1106# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1107# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1108# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1109
1110# From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1111# via Steffen Thorsen:
1112# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1113# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1114# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1115# Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1116# for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1117# after that.
1118
1119# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1120# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1121# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1122# the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1123
1124# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1125# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1126# Now we are using again EU rules.
1127#
1128# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1129# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1130
1131# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1132Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
1133			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
1134			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
1135			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
1136			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
1137			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
1138			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
1139			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
1140			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24  2:00s
1141			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
1142			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Oct 31  4:00
1143			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
1144			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1145
1146# Finland
1147
1148# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1149# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1150# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1151
1152# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1153#
1154# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1155# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1156# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1157# according to the central European standards.
1158#
1159# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1160# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1161# Finnish) at
1162# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1163#
1164# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1165# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1166#
1167# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1168# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1169#
1170# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1171# exist tonight."
1172
1173# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1174# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1175# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1176# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1177# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1178# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1179# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1180# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1181#
1182# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1183# Go with Oja over Shanks.
1184
1185# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1186Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
1187Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
1188Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
1189Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
1190
1191# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1192# round to nearest.
1193
1194# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1195Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
1196			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
1197			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
1198			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1199
1200# Åland Is
1201Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
1202
1203
1204# France
1205
1206# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1207#
1208# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1209# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1210#
1211# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1212# Paris, 1991
1213#
1214# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1215# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1216
1217
1218#
1219# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1220# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1221Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1222Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
1223Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
1224Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1225Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
1226Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1227Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
1228Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1229Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
1230Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
1231# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1232# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1233# were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1234Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1235Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1236Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
1237Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
1238Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
1239Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1240Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1241Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
1242Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
1243Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1244Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
1245Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
1246Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
1247Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
1248Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1249Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
1250Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1251Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
1252Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
1253Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
1254# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1255# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1256# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1257# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1258# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1259# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1260# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1261# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1262Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
1263# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1264# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1265# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1266# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1267Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
1268Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
1269Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
1270Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
1271Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
1272Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
1273Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
1274Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
1275Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
1276# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1277# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1278Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
1279Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
1280# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1281# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1282# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1283# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1284# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1285Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
1286			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
1287# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1288			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
1289# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1290# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1291			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
1292			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
1293			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
1294			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1295
1296# Germany
1297
1298# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1299# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1300# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1301# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1302
1303# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1304# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1305# http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1306# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1307
1308# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1309# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1310# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1311# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1312# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1313
1314
1315# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1316Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
1317Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
1318Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
1319# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1320# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1321# Go with the PTB.
1322Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	3:00s	1:00	S
1323Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
1324Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
1325Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
1326Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
1327
1328Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
1329Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
1330Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
1331
1332# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1333Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
1334			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24  2:00
1335			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
1336			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
1337			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1338
1339# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1340# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1341# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1342# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1343# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1344# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1345#
1346# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1347# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1348
1349# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1350# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1351
1352Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
1353
1354# Georgia
1355# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1356# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1357# is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1358
1359# Gibraltar
1360# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1361Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2  0:00s
1362			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14  2:00
1363			1:00	-	CET	1982
1364			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1365
1366# Greece
1367# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1368# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1369Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
1370Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
1371# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1372Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
1373# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1374Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
1375Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
1376Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
1377# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1378Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1379Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
1380Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
1381Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
1382Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
1383Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
1384Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
1385Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
1386Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
1387Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
1388Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
1389Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1390Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
1391# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1392Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
1393			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
1394			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
1395			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
1396			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
1397			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1398			# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1399			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1400
1401# Hungary
1402# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1403# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1404# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1405# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1406# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1407# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1408# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1409# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1410Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
1411Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
1412Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
1413Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Nov	24	 3:00	0	-
1414Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
1415Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0	-
1416Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
1417Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
1418Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
1419Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
1420Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
1421Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
1422Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
1423Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
1424Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
1425Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	S
1426Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
1427Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
1428# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1429Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
1430			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
1431			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  8
1432			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
1433			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
1434			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1435
1436# Iceland
1437#
1438# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1439# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1440#
1441# (1993-12-05):
1442# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1443# Iceland Almanak.
1444#
1445# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1446# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1447# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1448# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1449#
1450# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1451# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1452# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
1453# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1454#
1455# (1993-12-10):
1456# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1457# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1458# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1459#	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1460#	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1461# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1462# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1463# might mean something else (???).
1464#
1465# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1466# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1467# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1468#
1469# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1470Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
1471Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
1472Rule	Iceland	1918	1919	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
1473Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Mar	19	23:00	1:00	S
1474Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Jun	23	 1:00	0	-
1475Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
1476Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Oct	29	 2:00	0	-
1477Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
1478Rule	Iceland	1940	1941	-	Nov	Sun>=2	 1:00s	0	-
1479Rule	Iceland	1941	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=2	 1:00s	1:00	S
1480# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1481Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
1482Rule	Iceland	1942	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
1483# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1484Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
1485# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1486Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
1487Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
1488Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
1489# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1490Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
1491			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr  7  1:00s
1492			 0:00	-	GMT
1493
1494# Italy
1495#
1496# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1497# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1498# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1499# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1500# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1501# so record only the time in Rome.
1502#
1503# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1504# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1505# F. Pollastri
1506# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1507# http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
1508# ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1509# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1510#
1511# year	FP	Shanks&P. (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
1512# 1916	06-03	06-03 24:00	06-03 00:00	FP & W
1513#	09-30	09-30 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1514# 1917	04-01	03-31 24:00	03-31 00:00	FP & S
1515#	09-30	09-29 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP & W
1516# 1918	03-09	03-09 24:00	03-09 00:00	FP & S
1517#	10-06	10-05 24:00	10-06 01:00	FP & W
1518# 1919	03-01	03-01 24:00	03-01 00:00	FP & S
1519#	10-04	10-04 24:00	10-04 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1520# 1920	03-20	03-20 24:00	03-20 00:00	FP & S
1521#	09-18	09-18 24:00	10-01 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1522# 1944	04-02	04-03 02:00			S (see C-Eur)
1523#	09-16	10-02 03:00			FP; guess 24:00s
1524# 1945	09-14	09-16 24:00			FP; guess 24:00s
1525# 1970	05-21	05-31 00:00			S
1526#	09-20	09-27 00:00			S
1527#
1528# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1529Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	S
1530Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
1531Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
1532Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
1533Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	10	0:00s	1:00	S
1534Rule	Italy	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	-
1535Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 2	0:00s	1:00	S
1536Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	21	0:00s	1:00	S
1537Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	19	0:00s	0	-
1538Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00s	1:00	S
1539Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	0:00s	0	-
1540Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	S
1541Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	0:00s	0	-
1542Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	S
1543Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	-
1544Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	S
1545Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00s	0	-
1546Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	S
1547Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	-
1548Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
1549Rule	Italy	1966	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
1550Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1551Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	S
1552Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
1553Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
1554Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00	0	-
1555Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
1556Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	S
1557Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
1558Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	S
1559Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
1560Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00s	0	-
1561Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	S
1562Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	S
1563Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
1564Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
1565# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1566Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
1567			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov  1  0:00s # Rome Mean
1568			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
1569			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul
1570			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
1571			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1572
1573Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
1574Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
1575
1576# Latvia
1577
1578# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1579
1580# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1581# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1582# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1583# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1584#
1585# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1586# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1587# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1588# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1589# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1590#
1591# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1592# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1593# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1594# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1595# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1596# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1597#
1598# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1599# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1600# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1601# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1602# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1603# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1604# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
1605# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1606# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1607# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1608#
1609# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1610# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1611# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1612
1613# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1614# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1615# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1616# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1617# in Latvian for subscribers only).
1618
1619# From RFE/RL Newsline
1620# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1621# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1622# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1623# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1624# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1625# clocks one hour in the spring....
1626# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1627# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1628# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1629# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1630# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1631# appears that they will not do so....
1632
1633# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1634Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
1635Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
1636
1637# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1638# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1639# Go with Byalokoz.
1640
1641# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1642Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:34	-	LMT	1880
1643			1:36:34	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
1644			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
1645			1:36:34	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1  2:00
1646			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1919 May 22  3:00
1647			1:36:34	-	RMT	1926 May 11
1648			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
1649			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
1650			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
1651			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
1652			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
1653			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
1654			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
1655			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
1656			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1657
1658# Liechtenstein
1659
1660# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1661# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1662
1663# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1664# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1665# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1666# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1667#    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1668#    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
1669#    central European time was in force throughout the year.
1670#    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1671#    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1672
1673Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1674
1675
1676# Lithuania
1677
1678# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1679# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1680
1681# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1682# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1683# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1684
1685# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1686# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1687# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1688
1689# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1690# via Steffen Thorsen:
1691# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1692# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1693# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1694# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1695# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1696# already done by Estonia.
1697
1698# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1699# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1700# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1701
1702# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1703# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1704# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1705# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1706# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1707# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1708# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1709
1710
1711# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1712Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
1713			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
1714			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1715			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
1716			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
1717			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
1718			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
1719			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
1720			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
1721			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
1722			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
1723			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29  1:00u
1724			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31  1:00u
1725			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
1726			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1727
1728# Luxembourg
1729# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1730# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1731# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1732Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
1733Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
1734Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
1735Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
1736Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
1737Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
1738Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	S
1739Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
1740Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
1741Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
1742Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	S
1743Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
1744Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	S
1745Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
1746Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	S
1747Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
1748Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	S
1749Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
1750Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
1751Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
1752Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
1753Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
1754Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
1755# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1756Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
1757			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
1758			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6  2:00s
1759			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14  3:00
1760			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18  3:00
1761			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
1762			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1763
1764# Macedonia
1765# See Europe/Belgrade.
1766
1767# Malta
1768# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1769Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
1770Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
1771Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
1772Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
1773Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
1774Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
1775Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
1776# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1777Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
1778			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
1779			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
1780			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
1781			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
1782			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1783
1784# Moldova
1785
1786# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1787# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1788# http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1789# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1790# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1791# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1792# adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1793# time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1794# reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1795
1796# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1797# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1798# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1799# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1800# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1801# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1802# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1803# But [two people] separately reported via
1804# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1805# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1806#
1807# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1808# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1809# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1810# to the Winter Time).
1811#
1812# News (in Russian):
1813# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1814# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1815#
1816# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1817# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1818#
1819# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1820# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1821# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1822#
1823# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1824#
1825# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1826# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1827# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1828# decision to abolish DST this winter.
1829# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1830# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1831# News from Moldova (in russian):
1832# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1833
1834# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1835# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1836# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1837# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1838# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
1839# http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1840# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1841# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1842
1843# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1844Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
1845Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
1846
1847# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1848Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
1849			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1850			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1851			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
1852			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
1853			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
1854			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 May  6  2:00
1855			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
1856			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
1857# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1858			2:00	Moldova	EE%sT
1859
1860# Monaco
1861# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1862# more precise 0:09:21.
1863# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1864Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
1865			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1866			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
1867			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
1868			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1869
1870# Montenegro
1871# See Europe/Belgrade.
1872
1873# Netherlands
1874
1875# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1876# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1877
1878# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1879# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1880# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1881# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1882# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1883# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1884# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1885# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1886# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1887#
1888# (2001-04-08):
1889# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1890# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1891# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1892#
1893# (2001-04-09):
1894# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1895# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1896# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1897# actually followed.
1898#
1899# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1900# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1901# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1902# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1903# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1904#
1905# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1906# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1907# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1908# Amsterdam mean time.
1909
1910# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1911# http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
1912
1913# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1914Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
1915Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
1916Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
1917Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
1918Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1919Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	lastMon	2:00s	0	AMT
1920Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
1921Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
1922Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1923Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
1924Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1925# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1926# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1927Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
1928Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
1929Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
1930Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
1931Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1932Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
1933Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
1934Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
1935Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
1936#
1937# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1938# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1939# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1940Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
1941			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
1942			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16  0:00 # Dutch Time
1943			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
1944			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
1945			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1946
1947# Norway
1948# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1949# Pottenger.
1950# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1951Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
1952Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
1953Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
1954Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
1955Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
1956Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
1957Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
1958# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1959Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
1960			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
1961			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
1962			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
1963			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1964
1965# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1966
1967# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1968# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1969# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1970# time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
1971# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1972# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1973# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1974# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>).  The law/regulation
1975# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1976# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1977# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1978# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1979# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1980# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1981# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1982# since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1983# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1984# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1985
1986# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1987#
1988# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1989# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1990# keeping Berlin time.
1991#
1992# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1993# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1994# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1995# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
1996# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
1997# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1998# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1999#
2000# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2001# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2002# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
2003# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2004# expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
2005# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2006# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2007# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2008# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2009#
2010# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2011# for these regions.
2012Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
2013
2014# Poland
2015
2016# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2017# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2018
2019# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2020Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
2021Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
2022Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	S
2023# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2024Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
2025# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2026Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
2027Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
2028# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2029# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2030# http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2031# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2032# He also gives these further references:
2033# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2034# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2035Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00s	1:00	S
2036Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
2037Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	2:00s	1:00	S
2038Rule	Poland	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
2039Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
2040Rule	Poland	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
2041Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
2042Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
2043Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
2044Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
2045Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
2046Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
2047Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
2048Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
2049# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2050Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
2051			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2052			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16  3:00
2053			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
2054			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23  2:00
2055			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
2056			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
2057			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
2058			1:00	EU	CE%sT
2059
2060# Portugal
2061#
2062# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2063# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2064# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2065# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2066# Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2067# with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2068# Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2069#
2070# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2071# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2072# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2073#
2074# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2075# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2076# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2077#
2078# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2079# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2080# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
2081# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2082# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2083# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2084# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2085#
2086# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2087# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2088# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2089# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2090Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
2091# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2092Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
2093Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
2094Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
2095Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
2096Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
2097Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
2098Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
2099Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
2100Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
2101Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
2102Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2103Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
2104Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
2105Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
2106Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
2107# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2108Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2109Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
2110Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
2111# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2112Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2113# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2114Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
2115Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
2116# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2117Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
2118Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
2119Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
2120# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2121Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
2122Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
2123# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2124Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
2125Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
2126Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
2127Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
2128Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
2129Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
2130Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
2131Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
2132Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
2133Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
2134Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2135Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
2136Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
2137# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2138# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2139Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
2140Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
2141Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
2142Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
2143Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
2144Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
2145Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
2146Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
2147Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
2148Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
2149#
2150# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2151Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
2152			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2153			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
2154			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
2155			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2156			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
2157			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31  1:00u
2158			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
2159Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
2160			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1 # Horta Mean Time
2161			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00  # Azores Time
2162			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2163			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
2164			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28  1:00u
2165			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
2166Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
2167			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1 # Funchal Mean Time
2168			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00 # Madeira Time
2169			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2170			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
2171
2172# Romania
2173#
2174# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2175# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2176# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2177# 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
2178# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2179# the same year as Bulgaria.
2180#
2181# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2182Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
2183Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
2184Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
2185Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
2186Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
2187Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
2188Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
2189Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
2190Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
2191# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2192Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
2193			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2194			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29  2:00s
2195			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
2196			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
2197			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
2198			2:00	EU	EE%sT
2199
2200
2201# Russia
2202
2203# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2204# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2205# (Government document
2206# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2207# in Russian)
2208# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2209# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2210# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2211# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2212
2213# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2214# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2215# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2216# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2217
2218# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2219# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2220# changed in September 2011:
2221#
2222# One source is
2223# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2224# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2225# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2226#
2227# Another source is
2228# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2229# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2230# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2231# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2232# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2233# does not contain any "effective date" information.
2234#
2235# Another source is
2236# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2237# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2238# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2239# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2240#
2241# The Wikipedia article refers to
2242# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2243# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2244#
2245# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2246# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2247# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2248# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2249# Conradi notes).
2250#
2251# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2252#
2253# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2254
2255# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2256# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2257# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2258# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2259# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
2260# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2261# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2262# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2263# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2264# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2265# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2266#
2267# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2268# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2269# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2270# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2271# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2272# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2273# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2274
2275# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2276# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2277# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2278# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2279# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2280#
2281# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2282# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2283# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2284# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2285# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2286#
2287# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2288# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2289# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2290# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2291# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2292#
2293# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2294# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2295# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2296# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2297#
2298# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2299# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2300# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
2301# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2302# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2303# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2304#
2305# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2306# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2307# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
2308# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2309# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2310# since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
2311# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2312# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2313
2314# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2315# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2316# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2317# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2318# listing.  The region codes listed come from
2319# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2320# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2321# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2322# divisions where available.
2323
2324# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2325
2326
2327# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2328# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2329# 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast
2330
2331# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2332# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2333
2334# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2335# http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2336# confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2337# (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2338# summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2339# 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2340# ...
2341# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2342# says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2343# at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2344# Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2345
2346Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
2347			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
2348			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
2349			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2350			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2351			 3:00	-	+03	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2352			 2:00	-	EET
2353
2354
2355# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2356# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2357# Europe/Moscow covers...
2358# 01	RU-AD	Adygea, Republic of
2359# 05	RU-DA	Dagestan, Republic of
2360# 06	RU-IN	Ingushetia, Republic of
2361# 07	RU-KB	Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2362# 08	RU-KL	Kalmykia, Republic of
2363# 09	RU-KC	Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2364# 10	RU-KR	Karelia, Republic of
2365# 11	RU-KO	Komi Republic
2366# 12	RU-ME	Mari El Republic
2367# 13	RU-MO	Mordovia, Republic of
2368# 15	RU-SE	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2369# 16	RU-TA	Tatarstan, Republic of
2370# 20	RU-CE	Chechen Republic
2371# 21	RU-CU	Chuvash Republic
2372# 23	RU-KDA	Krasnodar Krai
2373# 26	RU-STA	Stavropol Krai
2374# 29	RU-ARK	Arkhangelsk Oblast
2375# 31	RU-BEL	Belgorod Oblast
2376# 32	RU-BRY	Bryansk Oblast
2377# 33	RU-VLA	Vladimir Oblast
2378# 35	RU-VLG	Vologda Oblast
2379# 36	RU-VOR	Voronezh Oblast
2380# 37	RU-IVA	Ivanovo Oblast
2381# 40	RU-KLU	Kaluga Oblast
2382# 44	RU-KOS	Kostroma Oblast
2383# 46	RU-KRS	Kursk Oblast
2384# 47	RU-LEN	Leningrad Oblast
2385# 48	RU-LIP	Lipetsk Oblast
2386# 50	RU-MOS	Moscow Oblast
2387# 51	RU-MUR	Murmansk Oblast
2388# 52	RU-NIZ	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2389# 53	RU-NGR	Novgorod Oblast
2390# 57	RU-ORL	Oryol Oblast
2391# 58	RU-PNZ	Penza Oblast
2392# 60	RU-PSK	Pskov Oblast
2393# 61	RU-ROS	Rostov Oblast
2394# 62	RU-RYA	Ryazan Oblast
2395# 67	RU-SMO	Smolensk Oblast
2396# 68	RU-TAM	Tambov Oblast
2397# 69	RU-TVE	Tver Oblast
2398# 71	RU-TUL	Tula Oblast
2399# 76	RU-YAR	Yaroslavl Oblast
2400# 77	RU-MOW	Moscow
2401# 78	RU-SPE	Saint Petersburg
2402# 83	RU-NEN	Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2403
2404# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2405# The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919.  Decree No. 59
2406# (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2407# zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2408# specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2409# No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2410# later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2411# taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2412# (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2413
2414# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2415# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2416# Wikipedia refers to
2417# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2418# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2419#
2420# The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2421# magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2422# the Trud newspaper from February 1982.  The first link provides the
2423# same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2424# time belt changes map).
2425#
2426# The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2427# introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2428# border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2429# Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2430# according to the provided map (colored one).  In addition to that
2431# "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2432# belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2433# 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage.  (Komi ASSR was
2434# supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2435# hour difference.)  Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2436# is also provided.
2437#
2438# The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2439# and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2440# moving to summer time on 1982-04-01.  Namely: Dagestan,
2441# Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2442# Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2443# krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2444# Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2445# Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2446# district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  As a result Evenk Autonomous
2447# Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2448# up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2449# time.
2450#
2451# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2452# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2453# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982.  1980-925.txt also adds
2454# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2455# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  Probably erroneously.
2456#
2457# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2458# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2459#
2460# 12. Udmurtia
2461# The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2462# Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2463# Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2464# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2465# implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2466# Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2467#
2468# ...
2469#
2470# All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2471# 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2472# change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2473#
2474# There were some exceptions, though.
2475# Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2476# Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2477# change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2478# lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2479#
2480# And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2481# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2482# says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2483# 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2484# http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2485# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2486# 2 days before the switch.
2487#
2488#
2489# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2490# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2491# chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
2492# should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2493# time in Moscow.
2494
2495# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2496# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2497# Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2498# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2499# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2500# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2501# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
2502# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2503# coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2504# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2505# 2:31:19 ...
2506#
2507# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2508# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2509# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2510# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2511# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2512
2513Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:17 -	LMT	1880
2514			 2:30:17 -	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
2515			 2:31:19 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2516			 3:00	Russia	%s	1921 Oct
2517			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
2518			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2519			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2520			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2521			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2522			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2523			 3:00	-	MSK
2524
2525
2526# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2527# Europe/Simferopol covers...
2528# **	****	Crimea, Republic of
2529# **	****	Sevastopol
2530
2531Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
2532			 2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
2533			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2534			 3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
2535			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
2536			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
2537			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
2538			 2:00	-	EET	1992
2539# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2540#
2541# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2542# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2543# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2544# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2545# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2546# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
2547# changed in May.
2548			 2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
2549# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2550			 3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31  0:00s
2551			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27  3:00s
2552# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2553# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2554			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
2555			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
2556# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2557# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2558# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2559# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2560# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2561# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2562# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2563			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
2564			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2565			 3:00	-	MSK
2566
2567
2568# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2569# Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2570# 30	RU-AST	Astrakhan Oblast
2571#
2572# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2573
2574# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2575# On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2576# Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2577# This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2578# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2579# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2580
2581Zone Europe/Astrakhan	 3:12:12 -	LMT	1924 May
2582			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2583			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2584			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2585			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2586			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2587			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2588			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
2589			 4:00	-	+04
2590
2591# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2592# Europe/Volgograd covers:
2593# 34	RU-VGG	Volgograd Oblast
2594# 64	RU-SAR	Saratov Oblast
2595# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2596
2597Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
2598			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2599			 4:00	-	+04	1961 Nov 11
2600			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
2601			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2602			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2603			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2604			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2605			 3:00	-	+03
2606
2607# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2608# Europe/Kirov covers:
2609# 43	RU-KIR	Kirov Oblast
2610# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2611#
2612Zone Europe/Kirov	 3:18:48 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2613			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2614			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2615			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2616			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2617			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2618			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2619			 3:00	-	+03
2620
2621# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2622# Europe/Samara covers...
2623# 18	RU-UD	Udmurt Republic
2624# 63	RU-SAM	Samara Oblast
2625
2626# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2627# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2628# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2629
2630Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:20 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2631			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2632			 4:00	-	+04	1935 Jan 27
2633			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2634			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2635			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
2636			 3:00	-	+03	1991 Oct 20  3:00
2637			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
2638			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2639			 4:00	-	+04
2640
2641# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2642# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2643# 73	RU-ULY	Ulyanovsk Oblast
2644
2645# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2646
2647# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2648# Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2649# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2650# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2651# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2652# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2653
2654Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk	 3:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2655			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2656			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2657			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2658			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2659			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2660			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2661			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
2662			 4:00	-	+04
2663
2664# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2665# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2666# 02	RU-BA	Bashkortostan, Republic of
2667# 90	RU-PER	Perm Krai
2668# 45	RU-KGN	Kurgan Oblast
2669# 56	RU-ORE	Orenburg Oblast
2670# 66	RU-SVE	Sverdlovsk Oblast
2671# 72	RU-TYU	Tyumen Oblast
2672# 74	RU-CHE	Chelyabinsk Oblast
2673# 86	RU-KHM	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2674# 89	RU-YAN	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2675#
2676# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2677# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2678
2679# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2680# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2681# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2682# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2683
2684Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:33 -	LMT	1916 Jul  3
2685			 3:45:05 -	PMT	1919 Jul 15  4:00
2686			 4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
2687			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2688			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2689			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2690			 6:00	-	+06	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2691			 5:00	-	+05
2692
2693
2694# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2695# Asia/Omsk covers...
2696# 55	RU-OMS	Omsk Oblast
2697
2698# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2699
2700Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:30 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
2701			 5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
2702			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2703			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2704			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2705			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2706			 6:00	-	+06
2707
2708# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2709# Asia/Barnaul covers:
2710# 04	RU-AL	Altai Republic
2711# 22	RU-ALT	Altai Krai
2712
2713# Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2714
2715# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2716# Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2717# http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2718# suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2719# 1995-05-28.
2720#
2721# http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2722# has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2723# before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
2724# after 1957: UTC+7
2725# since 1995: UTC+6
2726# http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2727# confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2728
2729# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2730# Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2731# by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2732# Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2733# Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2734# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2735# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2736# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2737
2738Zone Asia/Barnaul	 5:35:00 -	LMT	1919 Dec 10
2739			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
2740			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2741			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2742			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1995 May 28
2743			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2744			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2745			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
2746			 7:00	-	+07
2747
2748# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2749# Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2750# 54	RU-NVS	Novosibirsk Oblast
2751
2752# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2753# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2754# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2755# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2756# The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2757# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2758
2759Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14  6:00
2760			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
2761			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2762			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2763			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2764			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2765			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2766			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Jul 24  2:00s
2767			 7:00	-	+07
2768
2769# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2770# Asia/Tomsk covers:
2771# 70	RU-TOM	Tomsk Oblast
2772
2773# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2774# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2775
2776# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2777# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2778
2779# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2780# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2781# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2782# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2783# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2784# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2785# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2786# with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2787# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2788
2789# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2790# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2791# This bill was approved in the first reading today.  It moves Tomsk oblast
2792# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2793# 2:00.  The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2794# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2795# and published to become a law.  Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2796# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2797# recent changes).
2798#
2799# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2800# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2801# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2802# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2803# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2804# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2805# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2806# published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2807
2808# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2809# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2810
2811Zone	Asia/Tomsk	 5:39:51 -	LMT	1919 Dec 22
2812			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
2813			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2814			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2815			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2002 May  1  3:00
2816			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2817			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2818			 6:00	-	+06	2016 May 29  2:00s
2819			 7:00	-	+07
2820
2821
2822# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2823# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2824# 42	RU-KEM	Kemerovo Oblast
2825
2826# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2827# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2828# March 28, 2010:
2829# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2830# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2831#
2832# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2833# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2834# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2835#
2836# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2837# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2838# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2839# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2840# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2841#
2842# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2843# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2844
2845# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2846# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2847# realigning itself with KRAT.
2848
2849Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	LMT	1924 May  1
2850			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
2851			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2852			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2853			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
2854			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2855			 7:00	-	+07
2856
2857# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2858# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2859# 17	RU-TY	Tuva Republic
2860# 19	RU-KK	Khakassia, Republic of
2861# 24	RU-KYA	Krasnoyarsk Krai
2862#
2863# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2864# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2865
2866# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2867
2868Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:26 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
2869			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
2870			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2871			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2872			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2873			 8:00	-	+08	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2874			 7:00	-	+07
2875
2876
2877# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2878# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2879# 03	RU-BU	Buryatia, Republic of
2880# 38	RU-IRK	Irkutsk Oblast
2881#
2882# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2883# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2884
2885# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2886# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2887# Go with Byalokoz.
2888
2889Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:05 -	LMT	1880
2890			 6:57:05 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2891			 7:00	-	+07	1930 Jun 21
2892			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2893			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2894			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2895			 9:00	-	+09	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2896			 8:00	-	+08
2897
2898
2899# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2900# Asia/Chita covers...
2901# 92	RU-ZAB	Zabaykalsky Krai
2902#
2903# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2904# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2905
2906# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
2907# [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
2908# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9.  Effective date will
2909# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
2910# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
2911
2912Zone Asia/Chita	 7:33:52 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
2913			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
2914			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2915			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2916			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2917			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2918			 8:00	-	+08	2016 Mar 27  2:00
2919			 9:00	-	+09
2920
2921
2922# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2923# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2924# 28	RU-AMU	Amur Oblast
2925#
2926# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2927# 14-02	****	Aldansky District
2928# 14-04	****	Amginsky District
2929# 14-05	****	Anabarsky District
2930# 14-06	****	Bulunsky District
2931# 14-07	****	Verkhnevilyuysky District
2932# 14-10	****	Vilyuysky District
2933# 14-11	****	Gorny District
2934# 14-12	****	Zhigansky District
2935# 14-13	****	Kobyaysky District
2936# 14-14	****	Lensky District
2937# 14-15	****	Megino-Kangalassky District
2938# 14-16	****	Mirninsky District
2939# 14-18	****	Namsky District
2940# 14-19	****	Neryungrinsky District
2941# 14-21	****	Nyurbinsky District
2942# 14-23	****	Olenyoksky District
2943# 14-24	****	Olyokminsky District
2944# 14-26	****	Suntarsky District
2945# 14-27	****	Tattinsky District
2946# 14-29	****	Ust-Aldansky District
2947# 14-32	****	Khangalassky District
2948# 14-33	****	Churapchinsky District
2949# 14-34	****	Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2950
2951# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2952# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2953# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2954# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2955
2956# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
2957
2958Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:58 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
2959			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
2960			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2961			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2962			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2963			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2964			 9:00	-	+09
2965
2966
2967# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2968# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2969# 25	RU-PRI	Primorsky Krai
2970# 27	RU-KHA	Khabarovsk Krai
2971# 79	RU-YEV	Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2972#
2973# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2974# 14-09	****	Verkhoyansky District
2975# 14-31	****	Ust-Yansky District
2976
2977# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
2978# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
2979# Go with Byalokoz.
2980
2981Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:31 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
2982			 9:00	-	+09	1930 Jun 21
2983			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2984			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2985			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2986			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2987			10:00	-	+10
2988
2989
2990# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2991# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2992# 14-28	****	Tomponsky District
2993# 14-30	****	Ust-Maysky District
2994
2995# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2996# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2997# in 2011.
2998
2999# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3000# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3001# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3002# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3003
3004Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
3005			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
3006			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3007			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3008			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2004
3009			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3010			11:00	-	+11	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
3011			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3012			 9:00	-	+09
3013
3014
3015# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3016# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3017# 65	RU-SAK	Sakhalin Oblast
3018# ...with the exception of:
3019# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3020
3021# From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3022# Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3023# (2016-03-09):
3024# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3025
3026# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3027Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
3028			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 25
3029			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
3030			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3031			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
3032			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3033			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3034			10:00	-	+10	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
3035			11:00	-	+11
3036
3037
3038# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3039# Asia/Magadan covers...
3040# 49	RU-MAG	Magadan Oblast
3041
3042# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3043# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3044# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3045# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3046# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
3047# need their own zone.
3048
3049# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3050# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3051# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3052#
3053# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3054# ... signed by the President today ...
3055# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3056
3057Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
3058			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3059			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3060			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3061			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3062			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3063			10:00	-	+10	2016 Apr 24  2:00s
3064			11:00	-	+11
3065
3066
3067# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3068# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3069# 14-01	****	Abyysky District
3070# 14-03	****	Allaikhovsky District
3071# 14-08	****	Verkhnekolymsky District
3072# 14-17	****	Momsky District
3073# 14-20	****	Nizhnekolymsky District
3074# 14-25	****	Srednekolymsky District
3075#
3076# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3077# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3078
3079# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3080# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3081# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3082# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3083# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3084# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3085
3086# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3087# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3088# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3089# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3090#
3091# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3092# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
3093# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3094# each!  (Yikes!)
3095# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3096# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3097# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3098#
3099# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3100# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3101# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3102# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
3103# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3104# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3105# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3106# Go with Srednekolymsk.
3107
3108Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk	10:14:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
3109			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21
3110			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3111			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3112			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3113			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3114			11:00	-	+11
3115
3116
3117# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3118# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3119# 14-22	****	Oymyakonsky District
3120
3121# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3122# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3123# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3124#
3125# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3126# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3127# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3128# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3129# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3130
3131Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
3132			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
3133			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1981 Apr  1
3134			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3135			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3136			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3137			12:00	-	+12	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
3138			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3139			10:00	-	+10
3140
3141
3142# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3143# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3144# 91	RU-KAM	Kamchatka Krai
3145#
3146# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3147# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3148
3149# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3150# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3151Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
3152			11:00	-	+11	1930 Jun 21
3153			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3154			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3155			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
3156			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3157			12:00	-	+12
3158
3159
3160# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3161# Asia/Anadyr covers...
3162# 87	RU-CHU	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3163
3164Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
3165			12:00	-	+12	1930 Jun 21
3166			13:00	Russia	+13/+14	1982 Apr  1  0:00s
3167			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3168			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3169			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
3170			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3171			12:00	-	+12
3172
3173
3174# San Marino
3175# See Europe/Rome.
3176
3177# Serbia
3178# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3179Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
3180			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
3181			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
3182			1:00	-	CET	1945 May  8  2:00s
3183			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
3184# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3185# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3186# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3187			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
3188			1:00	EU	CE%sT
3189Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
3190Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica	# Montenegro
3191Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
3192Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
3193Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
3194
3195# Slovakia
3196Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3197
3198# Slovenia
3199# See Europe/Belgrade.
3200
3201# Spain
3202# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3203# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
3204# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3205Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
3206Rule	Spain	1917	1919	-	Oct	 6	23:00s	0	-
3207Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
3208Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
3209# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3210Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
3211# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3212Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
3213Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
3214# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3215Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
3216Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
3217Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
3218Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
3219# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
3220# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3221Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	S
3222Rule	Spain	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
3223Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
3224Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
3225Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
3226# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3227Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
3228Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
3229Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	M
3230Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
3231Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
3232Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
3233Rule	Spain	1946	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00	0	-
3234Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
3235Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	0	-
3236Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
3237Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
3238Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
3239Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
3240Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
3241Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
3242# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
3243Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
3244Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
3245Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
3246Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
3247Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
3248Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
3249Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
3250Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
3251Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
3252# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3253Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1  0:00s
3254			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1946 Sep 30
3255			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
3256			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
3257Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901
3258			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
3259			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
3260			 0:00	-	WET	1924
3261			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
3262			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
3263			 1:00	-	CET	1986
3264			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
3265Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3266			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30  1:00 # Canaries T
3267			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6  0:00s
3268			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28  1:00u
3269			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
3270# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3271# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3272
3273# Sweden
3274
3275# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3276#
3277# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3278# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3279# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3280# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3281# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3282#
3283# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
3284# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
3285# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3286#
3287# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3288# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3289# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3290# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3291# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3292# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3293# 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3294# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3295#
3296# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3297# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3298# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3299# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3300#
3301# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3302# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3303# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3304# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3305# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3306# the Sök-button).
3307#
3308# (2001-05-13):
3309#
3310# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3311# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3312# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
3313# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3314# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3315# hour before the event took place.
3316#
3317# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3318
3319# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3320Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
3321			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
3322			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
3323			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1  1:00
3324			1:00	-	CET	1980
3325			1:00	EU	CE%sT
3326
3327# Switzerland
3328# From Howse:
3329# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3330# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
3331# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3332# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3333# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3334# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
3335# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
3336# From Shanks & Pottenger:
3337# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
3338# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
3339
3340# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3341# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3342#
3343# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3344# to be wrong. This is now verified.
3345#
3346# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3347# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3348# federal law collection)...
3349#
3350# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3351# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3352#
3353# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3354# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3355#
3356# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3357# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3358# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3359# other years are made.
3360#
3361# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3362# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3363# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3364# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3365#
3366# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3367# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3368# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3369# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3370#
3371# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3372# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
3373# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
3374#
3375# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3376#
3377# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3378# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3379# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3380# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3381# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3382# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3383#
3384# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3385# The Federal regulations say
3386# http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3387# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3388# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3389
3390# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3391# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3392# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3393# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3394# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3395# hour before the beginning of service.
3396
3397# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3398# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3399#
3400# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3401# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
3402#
3403#	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3404#	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3405#	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3406#
3407# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3408# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
3409# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3410# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3411# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3412# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3413# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3414# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3415# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
3416# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3417# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3418
3419# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3420Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
3421Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
3422# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3423Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3424			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
3425			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
3426			1:00	EU	CE%sT
3427
3428# Turkey
3429
3430# From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3431# 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3432#    no exceptions.
3433# 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3434# Here are official papers:
3435# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf  - page 2 for 1986
3436# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf  - page 4 for 1987
3437# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf  - page 15 for 1988
3438# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf  - page 6 for 1989
3439# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf  - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3440# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf  - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3441# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf  - page 1 for overriding 1994
3442# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf  - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3443# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf  - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3444# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
3445# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
3446# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3447# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3448
3449# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3450# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3451# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3452# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3453# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3454# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3455# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3456# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3457# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3458
3459# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3460# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3461# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3462# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3463# http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3464# Turkish:
3465# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3466
3467# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3468# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3469# Turkish Local election....
3470# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3471# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3472# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3473# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3474# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3475# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3476# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3477# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3478# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
3479# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3480# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3481# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3482
3483# From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3484# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3485# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3486# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3487#
3488# From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3489# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3490# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3491# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3492# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3493
3494# From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3495# Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3496# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3497#
3498# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3499# The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3500# It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3501
3502# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3503Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3504Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3505Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
3506Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
3507Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
3508Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
3509Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
3510Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3511# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3512# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3513Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
3514Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3515Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3516Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	S
3517Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
3518Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3519Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
3520Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3521# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3522# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3523Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
3524Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	S
3525Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3526Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3527Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3528Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
3529Rule	Turkey	1947	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
3530Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
3531Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	S
3532Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
3533Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3534Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
3535Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3536Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
3537Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3538Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
3539Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
3540Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
3541Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Nov	 4	3:00	0	-
3542Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
3543Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	5:00	0	-
3544Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
3545Rule	Turkey	1975	1976	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
3546Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3547Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
3548Rule	Turkey	1977	only	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
3549Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	S
3550Rule	Turkey	1979	1982	-	Oct	Mon>=11	0:00	0	-
3551Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	S
3552Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
3553Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
3554Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
3555Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
3556Rule	Turkey	1986	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
3557Rule	Turkey	1986	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
3558Rule	Turkey	1994	only	-	Mar	20	1:00s	1:00	S
3559Rule	Turkey	1995	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
3560Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
3561# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3562Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
3563			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3564			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
3565			3:00	Turkey	+03/+04	1985 Apr 20
3566			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
3567			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  1:00u
3568			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28  1:00u
3569			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  1:00u
3570			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31  1:00u
3571			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2015 Oct 25  1:00u
3572			2:00	1:00	EEST	2015 Nov  8  1:00u
3573			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2016 Sep  7
3574			3:00	-	+03
3575Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
3576
3577# Ukraine
3578#
3579# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3580# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3581# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3582# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3583# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3584# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3585# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3586
3587# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3588# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3589# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3590#
3591# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3592# approval from 266 deputies.
3593#
3594# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3595# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3596#
3597# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3598# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3599#
3600# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3601# http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3602#
3603# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3604# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3605# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3606# time this year after all.
3607#
3608# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3609# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3610# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3611# to Russia) was reverted today:
3612# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3613#
3614# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3615# The law documents themselves are at
3616# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3617
3618# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3619# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3620#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
3621#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3622# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3623# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3624#
3625# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3626# "summer time" was still in action):
3627#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3628# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3629# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3630#
3631# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3632#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3633#
3634# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3635#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
3636# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3637# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3638# This is an answer.
3639#
3640# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3641#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
3642#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
3643# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3644# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3645
3646# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3647# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3648# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3649# "Kiev" is more common in English.
3650Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
3651			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
3652			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
3653			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
3654			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
3655			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1  2:00
3656			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
3657			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
3658			2:00	EU	EE%sT
3659# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3660# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3661# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3662Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
3663			1:00	-	CET	1940
3664			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
3665			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
3666			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
3667			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
3668			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
3669			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
3670			2:00	-	EET	1992
3671			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
3672			2:00	EU	EE%sT
3673# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3674# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3675# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
3676# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3677# portable Posix file names.
3678Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
3679			2:20	-	CUT	1924 May  2 # Central Ukraine T
3680			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
3681			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
3682			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
3683			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
3684			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
3685			2:00	EU	EE%sT
3686
3687# Vatican City
3688# See Europe/Rome.
3689
3690###############################################################################
3691
3692# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3693# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3694# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3695#
3696# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3697# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3698# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3699# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
3700# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3701# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3702
3703# ...
3704# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3705# From: Tom Hofmann
3706# ...
3707#
3708# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3709# most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
3710# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3711# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
3712# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3713# years...
3714# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3715# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3716# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3717# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3718#
3719# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3720# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3721#
3722# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3723# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3724# ...
3725
3726# ...
3727# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3728# From: Dik T. Winter
3729# ...
3730#
3731# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3732# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3733# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
3734#
3735# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3736# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3737# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3738# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
3739# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3740# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3741# dates...
3742#
3743# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3744# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3745# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3746# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3747# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
3748# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3749# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3750# in advance of normal time.
3751#
3752# ...
3753# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3754# ...
3755
3756# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3757# ...
3758# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3759# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
3760# ...
3761# Monaco: has same DST as France.
3762# ...
3763