/* * Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. * Use is subject to license terms. */ /* Copyright (c) 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 AT&T */ /* All Rights Reserved */ /* * Copyright (c) 1983 Regents of the University of California. * All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement * specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution. */ #include "restore.h" /* undef MAXNAMLEN to prevent compiler warnings about redef in dirent.h */ #undef MAXNAMLEN #include static char *keyval(int); static void removexattrs(struct entry *); static void movexattrs(char *, char *); /* * This implements the 't' option. * List entries on the tape. */ long listfile(char *name, ino_t ino, int type) { long descend = hflag ? GOOD : FAIL; if (BIT(ino, dumpmap) == 0) { return (descend); } vprintf(stdout, "%s", type == LEAF ? gettext("leaf") : gettext("dir ")); (void) fprintf(stdout, "%10lu\t%s\n", ino, name); return (descend); } /* * This implements the 'x' option. * Request that new entries be extracted. */ long addfile(char *name, ino_t ino, int type) { struct entry *ep; long descend = hflag ? GOOD : FAIL; char buf[100]; /* Don't know if ino_t is long or long long, so be safe w/ *printf() */ if (BIT(ino, dumpmap) == 0) { if (mflag) { dprintf(stdout, gettext( "%s: not on the volume\n"), name); } else { dprintf(stdout, gettext( "inode %llu: not on the volume\n"), (u_longlong_t)ino); } return (descend); } if (!mflag) { (void) snprintf(buf, sizeof (buf), "./%llu", (u_longlong_t)ino); buf[sizeof (buf) - 1] = '\0'; name = buf; if (type == NODE) { (void) genliteraldir(name, ino); return (descend); } } ep = lookupino(ino); if (ep != NIL) { if (strcmp(name, myname(ep)) == 0) { /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags |= NEW; return (descend); } type |= LINK; } ep = addentry(name, ino, type); if (type == NODE) newnode(ep); /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags |= NEW; return (descend); } /* * This is used by the 'i' option to undo previous requests made by addfile. * Delete entries from the request queue. */ /* ARGSUSED */ long deletefile(char *name, ino_t ino, int type) { long descend = hflag ? GOOD : FAIL; struct entry *ep; if (BIT(ino, dumpmap) == 0) { return (descend); } ep = lookupino(ino); if (ep != NIL) { /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags &= ~NEW; } return (descend); } /* * The following four routines implement the incremental * restore algorithm. The first removes old entries, the second * does renames and calculates the extraction list, the third * cleans up link names missed by the first two, and the final * one deletes old directories. * * Directories cannot be immediately deleted, as they may have * other files in them which need to be moved out first. As * directories to be deleted are found, they are put on the * following deletion list. After all deletions and renames * are done, this list is actually deleted. */ static struct entry *removelist; /* * Remove unneeded leaves from the old tree. * Remove directories from the lookup chains. */ void removeoldleaves(void) { struct entry *ep; ino_t i; vprintf(stdout, gettext("Mark entries to be removed.\n")); for (i = ROOTINO + 1; i < maxino; i++) { if (BIT(i, clrimap)) continue; ep = lookupino(i); if (ep == NIL) continue; while (ep != NIL) { dprintf(stdout, gettext("%s: REMOVE\n"), myname(ep)); removexattrs(ep->e_xattrs); if (ep->e_type == LEAF) { removeleaf(ep); freeentry(ep); } else { mktempname(ep); deleteino(ep->e_ino); /* * once the inode is deleted from the symbol * table, the e_next field is reusable */ ep->e_next = removelist; removelist = ep; } ep = ep->e_links; } } } /* * For each directory entry on the incremental tape, determine which * category it falls into as follows: * KEEP - entries that are to be left alone. * NEW - new entries to be added. * EXTRACT - files that must be updated with new contents. * LINK - new links to be added. * Renames are done at the same time. */ long nodeupdates(char *name, ino_t ino, int type) { struct entry *ep, *np, *ip; long descend = GOOD; int lookuptype = 0; int key = 0; /* key values */ #define ONTAPE 0x1 /* inode is on the tape */ #define INOFND 0x2 /* inode already exists */ #define NAMEFND 0x4 /* name already exists */ #define MODECHG 0x8 /* mode of inode changed */ /* * This routine is called once for each element in the * directory hierarchy, with a full path name. * The "type" value is incorrectly specified as LEAF for * directories that are not on the dump tape. * * Check to see if the file is on the tape. */ if (BIT(ino, dumpmap)) key |= ONTAPE; /* * Check to see if the name exists, and if the name is a link. */ np = lookupname(name); if (np != NIL) { key |= NAMEFND; ip = lookupino(np->e_ino); if (ip == NULL) { (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext("corrupted symbol table\n")); done(1); } if (ip != np) lookuptype = LINK; } /* * Check to see if the inode exists, and if one of its links * corresponds to the name (if one was found). */ ip = lookupino(ino); if (ip != NIL) { key |= INOFND; for (ep = ip->e_links; ep != NIL; ep = ep->e_links) { if (ep == np) { /* * Need to set the NEW flag on the hard link * so it gets created because we extract the * "parent". If the NAMEFND key is set, remove * the leaf. */ if (ip->e_flags & EXTRACT) { if (key & NAMEFND) { removeleaf(np); freeentry(np); np = NIL; key &= ~NAMEFND; } ep->e_flags |= NEW; } else { ip = ep; } break; } } } /* * If both a name and an inode are found, but they do not * correspond to the same file, then both the inode that has * been found and the inode corresponding to the name that * has been found need to be renamed. The current pathname * is the new name for the inode that has been found. Since * all files to be deleted have already been removed, the * named file is either a now-unneeded link, or it must live * under a new name in this dump level. If it is a link, it * can be removed. If it is not a link, it is given a * temporary name in anticipation that it will be renamed * when it is later found by inode number. */ if (((key & (INOFND|NAMEFND)) == (INOFND|NAMEFND)) && ip != np) { if (lookuptype == LINK) { removeleaf(np); freeentry(np); } else { dprintf(stdout, gettext("name/inode conflict, mktempname %s\n"), myname(np)); mktempname(np); } np = NIL; key &= ~NAMEFND; } if ((key & ONTAPE) && (((key & INOFND) && ip->e_type != type) || ((key & NAMEFND) && np->e_type != type))) key |= MODECHG; /* * Decide on the disposition of the file based on its flags. * Note that we have already handled the case in which * a name and inode are found that correspond to different files. * Thus if both NAMEFND and INOFND are set then ip == np. */ switch (key) { /* * A previously existing file has been found. * Mark it as KEEP so that other links to the inode can be * detected, and so that it will not be reclaimed by the search * for unreferenced names. */ case INOFND|NAMEFND: /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ip->e_flags |= KEEP; dprintf(stdout, "[%s] %s: %s\n", keyval(key), name, flagvalues(ip)); break; /* * A file on the tape has a name which is the same as a name * corresponding to a different file in the previous dump. * Since all files to be deleted have already been removed, * this file is either a now-unneeded link, or it must live * under a new name in this dump level. If it is a link, it * can simply be removed. If it is not a link, it is given a * temporary name in anticipation that it will be renamed * when it is later found by inode number (see INOFND case * below). The entry is then treated as a new file. */ case ONTAPE|NAMEFND: case ONTAPE|NAMEFND|MODECHG: if (lookuptype == LINK || key == (ONTAPE|NAMEFND)) { removeleaf(np); freeentry(np); } else { /* * Create a temporary node only if MODECHG. */ mktempname(np); } /*FALLTHROUGH*/ /* * A previously non-existent file. * Add it to the file system, and request its extraction. * If it is a directory, create it immediately. * (Since the name is unused there can be no conflict) */ case ONTAPE: ep = addentry(name, ino, type); if (type == NODE) newnode(ep); /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags |= NEW|KEEP; dprintf(stdout, "[%s] %s: %s\n", keyval(key), name, flagvalues(ep)); break; /* * A file with the same inode number, but a different * name has been found. If the other name has not already * been found (indicated by the KEEP flag, see above) then * this must be a new name for the file, and it is renamed. * If the other name has been found then this must be a * link to the file. Hard links to directories are not * permitted, and are either deleted or converted to * symbolic links. Finally, if the file is on the tape, * a request is made to extract it. */ case ONTAPE|INOFND: if (type == LEAF && (ip->e_flags & KEEP) == 0) { /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ip->e_flags |= EXTRACT; } /*FALLTHROUGH*/ case INOFND: if ((ip->e_flags & KEEP) == 0) { renameit(myname(ip), name); moveentry(ip, name); /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ip->e_flags |= KEEP; dprintf(stdout, "[%s] %s: %s\n", keyval(key), name, flagvalues(ip)); break; } if (ip->e_type == NODE) { descend = FAIL; (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext( "deleted hard link %s to directory %s\n"), name, myname(ip)); break; } ep = addentry(name, ino, type|LINK); /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags |= NEW; dprintf(stdout, "[%s] %s: %s|LINK\n", keyval(key), name, flagvalues(ep)); break; /* * A previously known file which is to be updated. */ case ONTAPE|INOFND|NAMEFND: /* * Extract leaf nodes. */ if (type == LEAF) { /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ np->e_flags |= EXTRACT; } /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ np->e_flags |= KEEP; dprintf(stdout, "[%s] %s: %s\n", keyval(key), name, flagvalues(np)); break; /* * An inode is being reused in a completely different way. * Normally an extract can simply do an "unlink" followed * by a "creat". Here we must do effectively the same * thing. The complications arise because we cannot really * delete a directory since it may still contain files * that we need to rename, so we delete it from the symbol * table, and put it on the list to be deleted eventually. * Conversely if a directory is to be created, it must be * done immediately, rather than waiting until the * extraction phase. */ case ONTAPE|INOFND|MODECHG: case ONTAPE|INOFND|NAMEFND|MODECHG: if (ip->e_flags & KEEP) { badentry(ip, gettext("cannot KEEP and change modes")); break; } if (ip->e_type == LEAF) { /* changing from leaf to node */ removeleaf(ip); freeentry(ip); ip = addentry(name, ino, type); newnode(ip); } else { /* changing from node to leaf */ if ((ip->e_flags & TMPNAME) == 0) mktempname(ip); deleteino(ip->e_ino); ip->e_next = removelist; removelist = ip; ip = addentry(name, ino, type); } /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ip->e_flags |= NEW|KEEP; dprintf(stdout, "[%s] %s: %s\n", keyval(key), name, flagvalues(ip)); break; /* * A hard link to a directory that has been removed. * Ignore it. */ case NAMEFND: dprintf(stdout, gettext("[%s] %s: Extraneous name\n"), keyval(key), name); descend = FAIL; break; /* * If we find a directory entry for a file that is not on * the tape, then we must have found a file that was created * while the dump was in progress. Since we have no contents * for it, we discard the name knowing that it will be on the * next incremental tape. */ case 0: (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext("%s: (inode %lu) not found on volume\n"), name, ino); break; /* * If any of these arise, something is grievously wrong with * the current state of the symbol table. */ case INOFND|NAMEFND|MODECHG: case NAMEFND|MODECHG: case INOFND|MODECHG: (void) fprintf(stderr, "[%s] %s: %s\n", keyval(key), name, gettext("inconsistent state")); done(1); /* NOTREACHED */ /* * These states "cannot" arise for any state of the symbol table. */ case ONTAPE|MODECHG: case MODECHG: default: (void) fprintf(stderr, "[%s] %s: %s\n", keyval(key), name, gettext("impossible state")); done(1); /* NOTREACHED */ } return (descend); } /* * Calculate the active flags in a key. */ static char * keyval(int key) { static char keybuf[32]; /* Note longest case is everything except |NIL */ (void) strcpy(keybuf, "|NIL"); keybuf[0] = '\0'; if (key & ONTAPE) (void) strcat(keybuf, "|ONTAPE"); if (key & INOFND) (void) strcat(keybuf, "|INOFND"); if (key & NAMEFND) (void) strcat(keybuf, "|NAMEFND"); if (key & MODECHG) (void) strcat(keybuf, "|MODECHG"); return (&keybuf[1]); } /* * Find unreferenced link names. */ void findunreflinks(void) { struct entry *ep, *np; ino_t i; vprintf(stdout, gettext("Find unreferenced names.\n")); for (i = ROOTINO; i < maxino; i++) { ep = lookupino(i); if (ep == NIL || ep->e_type == LEAF || BIT(i, dumpmap) == 0) continue; for (np = ep->e_entries; np != NIL; np = np->e_sibling) { if (np->e_flags == 0) { dprintf(stdout, gettext( "%s: remove unreferenced name\n"), myname(np)); removeleaf(np); freeentry(np); } } } /* * Any leaves remaining in removed directories are unreferenced. */ for (ep = removelist; ep != NIL; ep = ep->e_next) { for (np = ep->e_entries; np != NIL; np = np->e_sibling) { if (np->e_type == LEAF) { if (np->e_flags != 0) badentry(np, gettext( "unreferenced with flags")); dprintf(stdout, gettext( "%s: remove unreferenced name\n"), myname(np)); removeleaf(np); freeentry(np); } } } } /* * Remove old nodes (directories). * Note that this routine runs in O(N*D) where: * N is the number of directory entries to be removed. * D is the maximum depth of the tree. * If N == D this can be quite slow. If the list were * topologically sorted, the deletion could be done in * time O(N). */ void removeoldnodes(void) { struct entry *ep, **prev; long change; vprintf(stdout, gettext("Remove old nodes (directories).\n")); do { change = 0; prev = &removelist; for (ep = removelist; ep != NIL; ep = *prev) { if (ep->e_entries != NIL) { prev = &ep->e_next; continue; } *prev = ep->e_next; removenode(ep); freeentry(ep); change++; } } while (change); for (ep = removelist; ep != NIL; ep = ep->e_next) badentry(ep, gettext("cannot remove, non-empty")); } /* * This is the routine used to extract files for the 'r' command. * Extract new leaves. */ void createleaves(char *symtabfile) { struct entry *ep; char name[MAXCOMPLEXLEN]; ino_t first; int curvol; if (command == 'R') { vprintf(stdout, gettext("Continue extraction of new leaves\n")); } else { vprintf(stdout, gettext("Extract new leaves.\n")); dumpsymtable(symtabfile, volno); } first = lowerbnd(ROOTINO); curvol = volno; while (curfile.ino < maxino) { first = lowerbnd(first); /* * If the next available file is not the one which we * expect then we have missed one or more files. Since * we do not request files that were not on the tape, * the lost files must have been due to a tape read error, * or a file that was removed while the dump was in progress. * * The loop will terminate with first == maxino, if not * sooner. Due to the e_flags manipulation, lowerbnd() * will never return its argument. */ while (first < curfile.ino) { ep = lookupino(first); if (ep == NIL) { (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext("%d: bad first\n"), first); done(1); } (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext("%s: not found on volume\n"), myname(ep)); /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags &= ~(NEW|EXTRACT); first = lowerbnd(first); } /* * If we find files on the tape that have no corresponding * directory entries, then we must have found a file that * was created while the dump was in progress. Since we have * no name for it, we discard it knowing that it will be * on the next incremental tape. */ if (first != curfile.ino) { (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext("expected next file %d, got %d\n"), first, curfile.ino); skipfile(); goto next; } ep = lookupino(curfile.ino); if (ep == NIL) { (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext("unknown file on volume\n")); done(1); } if ((ep->e_flags & (NEW|EXTRACT)) == 0) badentry(ep, gettext("unexpected file on volume")); /* * If the file is to be extracted, then the old file must * be removed since its type may change from one leaf type * to another (eg "file" to "character special"). But we * also need to preserve any existing extended attributes; * so first rename the file, then move its attributes, then * remove it. */ if ((ep->e_flags & EXTRACT) != 0) { char *sname = savename(ep->e_name); complexcpy(name, myname(ep), MAXCOMPLEXLEN); mktempname(ep); (void) extractfile(name); movexattrs(myname(ep), name); removeleaf(ep); freename(ep->e_name); ep->e_name = sname; ep->e_namlen = strlen(ep->e_name); /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags &= ~REMOVED; } else { (void) extractfile(myname(ep)); } /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags &= ~(NEW|EXTRACT); /* * We checkpoint the restore after every tape reel, so * as to simplify the amount of work required by the * 'R' command. */ next: if (curvol != volno) { dumpsymtable(symtabfile, volno); skipmaps(); curvol = volno; } } } /* * This is the routine used to extract files for the 'x' and 'i' commands. * Efficiently extract a subset of the files on a tape. */ void createfiles(void) { ino_t first, next, last; struct entry *ep; int curvol, nextvol; vprintf(stdout, gettext("Extract requested files\n")); first = lowerbnd(ROOTINO); last = upperbnd(maxino - 1); nextvol = volnumber(first); if (nextvol == 0) { curfile.action = SKIP; getvol(1); skipmaps(); skipdirs(); } for (;;) { first = lowerbnd(first); last = upperbnd(last); /* * Check to see if any files remain to be extracted */ if (first > last) return; /* * If a map of inode numbers to tape volumes is * available, then select the next volume to be read. */ if (nextvol > 0) { nextvol = volnumber(first); if (nextvol != volno) { curfile.action = UNKNOWN; getvol(nextvol); skipmaps(); } } /* * Reject any volumes with inodes greater than * the last one needed. This will only be true * if the above code has not selected a volume. */ while (curfile.ino > last) { curfile.action = SKIP; getvol(0); skipmaps(); skipdirs(); } /* * Decide on the next inode needed. * Skip across the inodes until it is found * or an out of order volume change is encountered */ next = lowerbnd(curfile.ino); do { curvol = volno; while (next > curfile.ino && volno == curvol) skipfile(); skipmaps(); skipdirs(); } while (volno == curvol + 1); /* * If volume change out of order occurred the * current state must be recalculated */ if (volno != curvol) continue; /* * If the current inode is greater than the one we were * looking for then we missed the one we were looking for. * Since we only attempt to extract files listed in the * dump map, the lost files must have been due to a tape * read error, or a file that was removed while the dump * was in progress. Thus we report all requested files * between the one we were looking for, and the one we * found as missing, and delete their request flags. */ while (next < curfile.ino) { ep = lookupino(next); if (ep == NIL) { (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext("corrupted symbol table\n")); done(1); } (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext("%s: not found on volume\n"), myname(ep)); /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags &= ~NEW; next = lowerbnd(next); } /* * The current inode is the one that we are looking for, * so extract it per its requested name. */ if (next == curfile.ino && next <= last) { ep = lookupino(next); if (ep == NIL) { (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext("corrupted symbol table\n")); done(1); } (void) extractfile(myname(ep)); /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags &= ~NEW; if (volno != curvol) skipmaps(); } } } /* * Add links. */ void createlinks(void) { struct entry *np, *ep; ino_t i; int dfd; char *to, *from; int saverr; vprintf(stdout, gettext("Add links\n")); for (i = ROOTINO; i < maxino; i++) { ep = lookupino(i); if (ep == NIL) continue; to = savename(myname(ep)); for (np = ep->e_links; np != NIL; np = np->e_links) { if ((np->e_flags & NEW) == 0) continue; resolve(myname(np), &dfd, &from); if (dfd != AT_FDCWD) { if (fchdir(dfd) < 0) { saverr = errno; (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext( "%s->%s: link failed: %s\n"), from, to, strerror(saverr)); (void) close(dfd); continue; } } if (ep->e_type == NODE) { (void) lf_linkit(to, from, SYMLINK); } else { (void) lf_linkit(to, from, HARDLINK); } /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ np->e_flags &= ~NEW; if (dfd != AT_FDCWD) { fchdir(savepwd); (void) close(dfd); } } freename(to); } } /* * Check the symbol table. * We do this to insure that all the requested work was done, and * that no temporary names remain. */ void checkrestore(void) { struct entry *ep; ino_t i; vprintf(stdout, gettext("Check the symbol table.\n")); for (i = ROOTINO; i < maxino; i++) { for (ep = lookupino(i); ep != NIL; ep = ep->e_links) { /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags &= ~KEEP; if (ep->e_type == NODE) { /* LINTED: result fits into a short */ ep->e_flags &= ~(NEW|EXISTED); } if ((ep->e_flags & ~(XATTR|XATTRROOT)) != 0) badentry(ep, gettext("incomplete operations")); } } } /* * Compare with the directory structure on the tape * A paranoid check that things are as they should be. */ long verifyfile(char *name, ino_t ino, int type) { struct entry *np, *ep; long descend = GOOD; ep = lookupname(name); if (ep == NIL) { (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext("Warning: missing name %s\n"), name); return (FAIL); } np = lookupino(ino); if (np != ep) descend = FAIL; for (; np != NIL; np = np->e_links) if (np == ep) break; if (np == NIL) { (void) fprintf(stderr, gettext("missing inumber %d\n"), ino); done(1); } if (ep->e_type == LEAF && type != LEAF) badentry(ep, gettext("type should be LEAF")); return (descend); } /* * This routine does not actually remove any attribute files, it * just removes entries from the symbol table. The attribute files * themselves are assumed to be removed automatically when the * parent file is removed. */ static void removexattrs(struct entry *ep) { struct entry *np = ep; if (ep == NIL) return; for (np = ep->e_entries; np != NIL; np = np->e_sibling) { if (np->e_type == NODE) { removexattrs(np); } else { np->e_flags |= REMOVED; freeentry(np); } } ep->e_flags |= REMOVED; freeentry(ep); } /* * Move all the extended attributes associated with orig to * the file named by the second argument (targ). */ static void movexattrs(char *orig, char *targ) { char *to, *from; int fromfd, fromdir, tofd, todir, tfd; DIR *dirp = NULL; struct dirent *dp = NULL; fromfd = tofd = fromdir = todir = tfd = -1; resolve(orig, &tfd, &from); if (tfd == AT_FDCWD && pathconf(orig, _PC_XATTR_EXISTS) != 1) { /* no attributes to move */ return; } if ((fromfd = openat64(tfd, from, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK)) == -1) { fprintf(stderr, gettext("%s: cannot move attributes: "), from); perror(""); if (tfd != AT_FDCWD) (void) close(tfd); goto out; } if (fpathconf(fromfd, _PC_XATTR_EXISTS) != 1) { /* no attributes to move */ if (tfd != AT_FDCWD) (void) close(tfd); goto out; } if ((fromdir = openat64(fromfd, ".", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_XATTR)) == -1) { fprintf(stderr, gettext("%s: cannot access attributes: "), from); perror(""); if (tfd != AT_FDCWD) (void) close(tfd); goto out; } if (tfd != AT_FDCWD) (void) close(tfd); resolve(targ, &tfd, &to); if ((tofd = openat64(tfd, to, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK)) == -1 || (todir = openat64(tofd, ".", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_XATTR)) == -1) { fprintf(stderr, gettext("%s: cannot create attributes: "), to); perror(""); goto out; } if (tfd != AT_FDCWD) (void) close(tfd); (void) close(tofd); if ((tfd = dup(fromdir)) == -1 || (dirp = fdopendir(tfd)) == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, gettext("%s: cannot allocate DIR structure to attribute " "directory: "), from); perror(""); if (tfd != -1) (void) close(tfd); goto out; } while ((dp = readdir(dirp)) != NULL) { if ((dp->d_name[0] == '.' && dp->d_name[1] == '\0') || (dp->d_name[0] == '.' && dp->d_name[1] == '.' && dp->d_name[2] == '\0')) continue; if ((renameat(fromdir, dp->d_name, todir, dp->d_name)) == -1) { fprintf(stderr, gettext("%s: cannot move attribute %s: "), from, dp->d_name); goto out; } } out: if (fromfd != -1) (void) close(fromfd); if (tofd != -1) (void) close(tofd); if (dirp != NULL) (void) closedir(dirp); if (fromdir != -1) (void) close(fromdir); if (todir != -1) (void) close(todir); }